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1997年英语一真题

2017-08-22 来源:京师杏林考研网 分享到:

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  2018年考研的帷幕已经拉开,京师杏林的小编为大家找来了1997年英语一真题,大家要重视真题,夯实基础,为12月的考研打下坚实的基础

  1997年考研英语真题

  Part ⅠCloze Test

  Directions

  For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)

  Manpower Inc., with 560 000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 1 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay.

  One day at a time. 2 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 3 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.

  4 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part- timers and temporary workers. This “ 5 ” work force is the most important 6 in American business today, and it is 7 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 9 by employment rules, health care costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 10 that came from being a loyal employee.

  1.[A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip

  2.[A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since

  3.[A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by

  4.[A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that

  5.[A] durable [B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable

  6.[A] approach [B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend

  7.[A] instantly [B] reversely [C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently

  8.[A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas

  9.[A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined

  10.[A] excitement [B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importance

  Part ⅡReading Comprehension

  Directions:

  Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)

  Passage 1

  It was 3: 45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”

  The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.

  Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, ” he says.

  11. From the second paragraph we learn that .

  [A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries

  [B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia

  [C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law

  [D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage

  12. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means .

  [A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia

  [B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries

  [C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes

  [D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop

  13. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will .

  [A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia

  [B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient

  [C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering

  [D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days

  14. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of .

  [A] opposition [B] suspicion [C] approval [D] indifference

  Passage 2

  A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

  For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.

  The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.

  Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

  As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.

  15. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world ,.

  [A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

  [B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment

  [C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors

  [D] most Americans are ready to offer help

  16. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that .

  [A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship

  [B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated

  [C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends

  [D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions

  17. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers .

  [A] to improve their hard life

  [B] in view of their long-distance travel

  [C] to add some flavor to their own daily life

  [D] out of a charitable impulse

  18. The tradition of hospitality to strangers .

  [A] tends to be superficial and artificial

  [B] is generally well kept up in the United States

  [C] is always understood properly

  [D] has something to do with the busy tourist trails

  Passage 3

  Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

  We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

  Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifestation”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.

  19. “Substance abuse”(Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that .

  [A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used

  [B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drugtakers

  [C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine

  [D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous

  20. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean .

  [A] widespread [B] overwhelming

  [C] piercing [D] fashionable

  21. Physical dependence on certain substances results from .

  [A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time

  [B] exclusive use of them for social purposes

  [C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases

  [D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms

  22. From the last paragraph we can infer that .

  [A] stimulants function positively on the mind

  [B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health

  [C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances

  [D] the three types of psychoactive substances were commonly used in groups

  Passage 4

  No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.

  At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.

  The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society, ”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”

  Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.

  The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited, ” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”

  23. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for .

  [A] its raising of the corporate stock price

  [B] its self-examination of soul

  [C] its neglect of social responsibility

  [D] its emphasis on creative freedom

  24. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

  [A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.

  [B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.

  [C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.

  [D] Steve Ross is no longer alive

  25. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman .

  [A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression

  [B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy

  [C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection

  [D] received more support from the 15-member board

  26. The best title for this passage might be .

  [A] A Company under Fire [B] A Debate on Moral Decline

  [C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture [D] A Form of Creative Freedom

  Passage 5

  Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.

  Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.

  It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.

  Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.

  Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

  27. From the passage we learn that .

  [A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates

  [B] economy will always follow certain models

  [C] the economic situation is better than expected

  [D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation

  28. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

  [A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.

  [B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.

  [C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.

  [D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.

  29. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that .

  [A] the low inflation rate will last for some time

  [B] the inflation rate will soon rise

  [C] the inflation will disappear quickly

  [D] there is no inflation at present

  30. The passage shows that the author isthe present situation .

  [A] critical of [B] puzzled by

  [C] disappointed at [D] amazed at

  Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation

  Directions:

  Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

  Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 31)Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

  On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.32)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “ I don’t like this contract”?

  The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.33)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?

  Many deny it.34)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.

  This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh other’s interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.35)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

  Section ⅣWriting(15 points)

  36. Directions:

  A. Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120 words.

  B. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

  C. Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:

  1. Interpret the following pictures.

  2. Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.

  1997年英语试题答案

  Part ⅠCloze Test

  1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C 8.B 9. A 10. D

  Part ⅡReading Comprehension

  Part A

  Passage 1

  11. D 12. B 13.A 14. C

  Passage 2

  15.D 16.A 17.C 18.B

  Passage 3

  19.D 20.A 21.A 22.B

  Passage 4

  23.C 24.D 25.B 26.A

  Passage 5

  27.C 28.B 29.A 30.D

  Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation

  31.事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的,而这种共识并不存在。

  32.有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在于社会契约中,是责任与权益交换的一部分。

  33.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。

  34.这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

  35.这种反应并不是错误,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励,而不应该遭到嘲笑。

  Section ⅣWriting(15 points)

  36.见分析

  试题精解

  Part ⅠCloze Test

  一、 文章总体分析

  本文介绍了美国临时劳动大军日益庞大这一现象及其影响。文章一、二段介绍了美国临时就业机构雇员数量庞大和美国劳务公司的蓬勃发展。第三段分析了临时劳动大军迅速发展造成的影响:一是使公司更具竞争性,减轻了负担。二是使工人失去了各种福利及归属感。

  二、试题具体解析

  1.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。

  文章首句指出:拥有56万雇员的劳务公司(Manpower Inc)是全球最大的临时就业机构。紧接着,第二句又提到了每天早晨这些临时工人到美国各公司和工厂上班的情况。我们可以想象一下:56万工人每天早晨上班的情形一定是非常浩大的。所填入的词要能反映这一点,而且还必须与into somewhere相搭配。swarm可以与into相搭配,如:People swarmed into the cinema.(人们拥进电影院),它在文中也可以形象地描述众多临时工人如潮水般涌入上班地点的情景。因此,A选项为正确答案。

  stride强调步幅大,如:He strode out of the house.(他大踏步地走出了房子),根据文意,这么多人同时进入办公地点不可能是大步跨入”;separate可以和into搭配,但into后不能接地点,而且只能是separate sb./sth. into sth.,如:The children were separated into two groups.(孩子们被分成了两组);slip也可与into连用,表示溜进,如:He slipped into the classroom from the backdoor.(他从后门溜进教室)

  2.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。

  文章第一段对两种企业进行了鲜明的对比:通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头靠减员而勉强支撑(struggle to survive),而人力资源公司却在蓬勃发展。显然,空格处应填入表对比关系的逻辑词。四个选项中ABD都是表原因的连接词,只有as除了表示原因之外,还可以表两个动作同时发生,意为随着,当的时候之意,表轻微的对比,所以只能选C

  知识点补充:asforsincebecause 都可以表原因:as所表示的理由最弱,这种理由只是附带的说明,如:As you are tired, you had better rest.(既然你累了, 最好休息一下)。句子的重点在主句。for加原因状语从句时,一般放在句尾,仅对主句补充说明或进一步解释,表主观判断的原因。如:He felt no fear, for he was very brave.(他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧)since表示一种既成事实,引导的从句常放在句首,一般译作既然,如:Since you’re not interested, I won’t tell you about it.(既然你不感兴趣,那我就不告诉你了)because表示的原因语气最强,常用于回答以why引导的疑问句。如:I do it because I like it.(我做这件事是因为我喜欢)

  3.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:介词用法辨析。

  本句提到,通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头为了生存而采取了减员的方式,显然,空格处需要一个表示方式、手段的介词。四个选项中,只有by表示方式、手段。by + doing结构表示通过某种行为(以达到某种目的),因此,答案为D

  知识点补充:survive也与fromin连用,但表示中活下来,保存下来,如:Some animals can survive in the desert on very little water. (一些动物只靠少量水就能在沙漠中生存下来);Many strange customs have survived from earlier times.(有许多古怪的习俗自远古时代保存下来了)

  4.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。

  本句逗号前后是两个结构完整的分句,因此空格处需填入一个逻辑词。句中it 指代的是the US,两个分句的含义分别是:美国的经济继续复苏;美国的兼职者和临时工正在不断增加。根据逻辑,经济的恢复本来应该使更多人获得长期的就业机会,因此两个分句之间存在着语意上的转折关系,由于空格在句首,因此需要填入一个表让步关系的逻辑词。选项中只有even though可以表让步,表示虽然美国的经济还在继续复苏,却越来越成为一个兼职者和临时工的国家

  例句补充:Now that I am well again, I can go on with my work.(我既然已经恢复了健康,那就可以继续工作了);If only she had known where to find you.(要是她知道在哪儿能找到您就好了);Provided that circumstances permitI will go there.(假如情况允许的话,我就去)

  5.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。

  句中this work force(劳动力)指的是上一句的part-timers and temporary workers,由上文可知,这些人干一天算一天(seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay),是临时的,经常变动的。四个选项中durable与文意相反;available形容人,指可找得到的,可用的,如:That man is not available for the job, he has other work(不能找那个人,他有其他工作),它虽然在意义上可以与work force搭配,但由于所填入的选项被加注了引号,从而具有特殊的意义,用可以找到的来形容庞大的兼职和临时劳动力大军意思上不恰当;transferable不能用做定语修饰人,因此,符合题意的只有disposable。用它来形容劳动力大军,暗示他们是廉价劳动力,是即用即抛型的

  6.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。

  本题要求考生判断临时劳动力是当今美国经济最重要的什么。上文提到劳务公司拥有56万雇员,美国正日益成为兼职者和临时工的国家,由此可以推测出,这种一次性的劳动力已成为美国最重要的潮流或趋势。先排除approachflowapproach根本不能用来描述劳动力;flow可用来描述人群,但多用于描述特定方向的流动,如:More and more farmers are flowing into the big city.(越来越多的农民涌入大城市),但它用在文中不合句意;fashion“(一时或某一团体中流行的)时尚,如:Her dress is the latest fashion.(她的晚礼服是最新式样),显然文中的临时劳动大军不应该是经济的式样或时尚;只有trend可以指正在发生或盛行的一种现象,如:The trend of prices is still downwards.(物价仍有下降趋势),因此,它是正确答案。

  7.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配 + 副词词义辨析。

  空格所在句子中it指代逗号前整个句子:一次性劳动大军成为美国经济中最重要的趋势,因此本题要求考生判断这种趋势的出现对人们与其工作之间的关系的影响是怎样的?从下文可知,由于一次性劳动力的出现,对于公司来说,可以不用承担劳动法规(employment rules)、医疗费用(healthcare costs)和养老金计划(pension plans)方面的负担而变得更有竞争力。而对于雇员来说,这就意味着不再享有保障和福利,也不再需要作为忠诚雇员的。显然,这是人与工作的关系在根本上(fundamentally)发生变化,而不是立即(instantly)、逆转(reversely)或足够地(sufficiently)发生变化。fundamentally正好呼应了前面的the most important,表示这种一次性的劳动大军从根本上改变了人们与工作之间的关系。

  8.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:连词的用法。

  做该题时,考生需判断用什么词来连接空格前后两个部分。从结构上来看,空格前后是两种不同的形式:不定式to remain globally competitive与动名词avoiding market cycles。由于butand前后一般连接相同形式的词、短语或句子,因此可首先排除这两个选项。whereas表转折,需要引导从句,无论从意义上还是结构上都不符合条件。while意为的同时,它既连接句子也可以连接现在分词,从语法和含义上都符合文章需要。整句话的含义是:这种现象既使公司在全球范围内保持竞争性,又可以避免市场的周期性和逐渐加重的负担。

  知识点补充:while连接的从句中有时可省略一些成分,它可以直接连接现在分词、介词短语、名词、形容词。注意这时从句的主语和句子主语必须一致。如:While yet a youth, he gained the Nobel prize of literature(还是个年轻人的时候,他就获得了诺贝尔文学奖)

  9.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:句内语义。

  空格所在部分是the growing burdens 9 by employment rules,填入的过去分词做后置定语修饰burdens,由于这里是被动语态,考生需要判断就业法规负担作了什么动作。显然,我们不能说压力受到就业法规的限制(restrictconfined)或说明。从词义上来看,只有被就业法规强加(给公司)的压力符合句意。

  10.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语义搭配 + 名词词义辨析。

  空格所在句子谈到,对于雇员来说,一次性劳动大军就意味着不再享有保障和福利,也不再需要作为忠诚雇员的10感。因此考生需判断作为一名忠实的或长期的雇员,除了得到安全保障、福利待遇外,他还可以从公司得到什么。由于这种感觉是由忠诚带来的,四个选项中只能是重要感

  sense of importance是固定搭配。类似的用法还有:sense of duty(责任感)sense of humor(幽默感)sense of inferiority(自卑感)sense of justice(正义感)sense of safety(安全感)

  三、全文翻译

  拥有56万雇员的劳务公司是全球最大的临时就业中介机构。每天清晨,公司中大量的人员涌入美国的办公室和工厂中,为获得一天的收入来寻找一份工作,干一天算一天。当通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头靠减员而勉强支撑时,坐落于威斯康星州麦尔乌柯市的劳务公司却在蓬勃地发展。

  虽然美国的经济还在继续复苏,美国却日益成为一个兼职者和临时工的国家。这种即用即抛型劳动力已成为美国企业用人最为重要的趋势。它也正在从根本上改变人们和他们所从事的工作之间的关系。这一现象给公司提供了一种方式,使得它们能够在全球范围内具有竞争性,同时又可以避免市场的周期性和由就业法规、医疗保险和退休金方案所带来的逐渐加重的负担。对工人来说,这意味着作为一名忠实雇员所享有的安全感、福利以及从属带来的重要感都一去不复返了。

  Part ⅡReading Comprehension

  Passage 1

  一、文章结构分析

  这是一篇关于安乐死的新闻报道。文章以澳大利亚北部地区通过安乐死合法法案事件为引子,继而报道了社会各方对该事件的反应。论证手段包括典型事例论证。

  第一段:首先叙述安乐死在澳大利亚北部合法化的事件,进而引用加拿大死亡权力协会主席的话,说明该事件影响深远。

  第二段:指出人们充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间,因为社会各方对此持不同看法和态度。但是在世界其他国家颁布类似法案的潮流已无法逆转。

  第三段:指出医生给病人实行安乐死的具体条件和要求,列举尼克森的事例说明这一事件对于普通病人的意义在于可以减少痛苦。

  二、试题具体分析

11.From   the second paragraph we learn that        .

11.从第二段我们可以知道           

Athe objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other   countries

A] 在其他国家,对安乐死的反对缓慢而至

Bphysicians and citizens share the same view on   euthanasia

B] 在安乐死这一问题上,医生和普通市民观点相同

Cchanging technology is chiefly responsible for the   hasty passage of the law

C] 技术的变化应该对该法案仓促地获批准负主要责任

Dit takes time to realize the significance  of the law’s passage

D] 理解该法案获批准的意义尚需一段时间

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。

  第二段第一句是主题句,指出要充分理解(sink in)这一法案的深刻意义(full import)可能需要一段时间D选项是其改写,原句中的“full import...sink in”对应选项中的“realize the significance”“take a while”对应“it takes time”

  该段最后一句中,作者通过多米诺骨牌”(dominoes)比喻连锁反应,说明各国将很快相继通过类似澳大利亚的法案,即各国对安乐死的支持会来得很快,A选项显然与文意不符。该段第三句提到“(医生和普通人)中一些人如释重负,另一些人则对这一决议极其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击,可见这两类人意见出现分歧,B选项与之相矛盾。该段第五句指出该法案的通过是澳大利亚人口老龄化、延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化共同作用的结果,原文中没有将原因分主次,因此C选项错在出现chiefly

  技巧:干扰项主要是以偏概全(本题C选项)或和原文信息相反(本题AB选项)。考生注意正确选项在程度、范围上都应与原文完全一致。

12.When   the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,   he means        .

12.作者提到“观察家们在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下”,他的含义是         

Aobservers are taking a wait-and-see  attitude towards the future of euthanasia

A] 观察者对安乐死的未来持观望态度

Bsimilar bills are likely to be passed in the US,   Canada and other countries

B] 美国、加拿大和其他国家也可能批准类似法律

Cobservers are waiting to see the result of the game   of dominoes

C] 观察者正在等待多米诺游戏的结果

Dthe effect-taking process of the passed   bill may finally come to a stop

D] 被批准法案的影响过程也许会最终停止

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。

  解此题关键是将多米诺理论与文章其他内容联系起来。多米诺骨牌是一种西洋骨牌游戏,游戏中将许多长方形的骨牌竖立排列成行,碰到第一张时,其余骨牌依次纷纷倒下。用于比喻时,指一系列的连锁反应,即牵一发而动全身。联系上下文。第二段最后两句提到,其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。在美国和加拿大,死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。由此推知,题干中这句话暗含的意思是澳大利亚的做法会引起北美一些国家类似的做法。B选项符合文意。

  A选项没有体现连锁反应的喻意。C选项只拘泥于字面意思。D选项与原文不符,法案的影响不是停止,而是像多米诺骨牌一样不可遏止地波及下去。

  技巧:文中那些话中有话的间接表达句是常考点。它们往往采用说半句、打比喻、反过来讲的方式,留有让考生自己作结论或推理的余地。

13.When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will        .

13.当利奥德·尼克森死的时候,他会         

Aface his death with calm characteristic of   euthanasia

A] 以安乐死的冷静心态面对死亡

Bexperience the suffering of a lung cancer patient

B] 经历肺癌病人遭受的痛苦

Chave an intense fear of terrible suffering

C] 对痛苦的折磨极其恐惧

Dundergo a cooling off period of seven days

D] 经历7天的冷却阶段

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

  根据标志词Lloyd Nickson,定位到最后一段后半部分。从中可以看出他对安乐死的看法:死并不可怕,可怕的是像其他病人那样痛苦而死。安乐死的法案的批准意味着他可以心情平静地生活,而无需惧怕将要遭受的死亡的折磨。因此A选项符合尼克森先生的情况。

  B选项和C选项和文意正相反。D选项的干扰在于原文中也出现过“cooling off”,原文指的是人作出安乐死决定之前的行为,意思是冷静地思考7,但是本题题干指的是人死亡的时候,因此cool off的意思变为被冷却7

14.The   author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of          . 

14.作者对待安乐死的态度是         

Aopposition

A] 反对

Bsuspicion

B] 怀疑

Capproval

C] 赞同

Dindifference

D] 漠不关心

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。

  在新闻体文章(如本文)中作者往往引用相关人士的观点间接表述自己的态度。文章最后以尼克森的话结束对安乐死的讨论,其中...law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering等处明显表明尼克森是支持安乐死的。此外,文中其他地方也流露出作者对安乐死法案的褒扬态度,如第二段的But the tide is unlikely to turn back和第三段的Under the new Northern Territory law...put an end to suffering。由此可知,作者认为安乐死可以减轻病人的痛苦,因此对它持赞成态度,C选项正确。

  技巧:作者观点态度的提出往往不直截了当,而是隐含在字里行间,有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现,有的则需要通读全文,把握主旨才能领会。

  三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

  长难句分析

  ①After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

  该句的主干是Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority。句首是由after引导的时间状语从句,主句中包含短语allow sb. to do sth.,其中who引导的定语从句修饰patients

  ②Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.

  该句的主干是... word flashed on... and was picked up... by... ,其中,第二个谓语是被动语态,在谓语和施动者之间放入插入成分half a world away做状语。

  ③In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

  句子的主干是...other states are going to consider...。句首的in Australia是地点状语,后接where引导的定语从句,进一步解释说明澳大利亚的情况。

  ④For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.

  句子主干是For ..., the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means...。在主语之前是for引导的名词短语做状语,意思是对于来说,该状语后的a 54-year-old Darwin resident... 是同位语,谓语means之后是宾语从句,该从句的主干是he can get on with living without... ,其中冒号后的a terrifying death from his breathing condition是对suffering的解释说明。

  佳句赏析

  ①The full import may take a while to sink in.

  此句短小、精练,清楚生动地概括出当时的情况。

  知识点补充:import意为意义,重要性,相当于“importance”“meaning”;a while相当于“some time”;sink in意为被完全理解,深深印在脑中,如:The teacher explained it to me twice, but I’m afraid it still hasn’t sunk in. 老师给我解释了两遍,我恐怕仍然不明白。

  ②But the tide is unlikely to turn back.

  句子虽短,却很有力度,准确表达出作者的观点和态度。

  知识点补充:tide本意是潮水,潮汐,这里的引申意义是趋势,倾向”;turn the tide意思是使形式转变,改变局面

  ③In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.

  句中的gathering strength waiting for the dominoes to start falling都很形象生动,尤其是后者准确地描述了以后的发展趋势。

  四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

  (1) vote(v.)投票,表决;(n.)选票;投票,表决;take/have a ~表决

  (2) incurably(adv.)不可治愈地;in-(前缀)表示…”;如:innumerable无数的,数不清的;invalid无效的,作废的;instable不稳定的;intact完整无缺的,未经触动的,未受损伤的

  (3) executive(a.)执行的,实施的;(n.)总经理,行政负责人

  (4) physician(n.)内科医生

  (5) implication(n.)暗示,含义;牵连;涉及;密切关系

  (6) haste(n./v.)匆忙,急速,草率;in ~匆忙的,草率的

  (7) euthanasia(n.)安乐死

  (8) put an end to...使结束

  (9) diagnose(v.)诊断

  (10) haunt(v.)常去;使苦恼,困扰;布满;ing(a.)萦绕于心的,使人不安的

  五、全文翻译

  凌晨345进行了最终表决。经过6个月的争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论,澳大利亚北部地区(澳北州)成为世界上第一个合法当局,允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命。(长难句①)这一法案以令人折服的15票对10票通过。几乎同时,该消息就出现在互联网上,被身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利组织的执行主席约翰·霍夫塞斯收到。(长难句②)他便通过协会的在线服务死亡之网发了公告。他说:我们一整天都在发布公告,因为这不仅仅是发生在澳大利亚的事情,而是整个世界历史中的一件大事。

  要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。(佳句①)澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都力图从道义和实际意义两方面来考虑这一问题。一些人如释重负,而另一些人,包括教会、生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会在内都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。但这一潮流已无法逆转。(佳句②)在澳大利亚,人口老龄化、延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用,其他国家也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。(长难句③)在美国和加拿大,死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量,观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下。(佳句③)

  根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案,成年病人可以要求安乐死可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片来结束痛苦。不过,此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已无法治愈。在经过7天的冷静思考期后,病人方可签署一份申请证明。48小时后,才可以满足其安乐死的愿望。对于居住于达尔文市现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德·尼克森来说,这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难:因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。(长难句④)“从精神层面说,我并不害怕死,但我怕的是怎样死,因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎,用手抓他们的面罩时的情景,他说。

  Passage 2

  一、 文章结构总体分析

  这是一篇介绍并分析美国人友善好客这一文化现象的文章。本文从结构上讲,一个比较明显的特点是比较论证手法,第二段和第三段从历史角度探讨美国人友好的成因,而第四段对现在美国人的友好进行描述。第二个特点是主题句并不总在段落的开始部分(如本文第一段和第四段),因此考生在寻找主题句时需要注意yet等转折连词的使用,这些词后面引导的句子往往才是主题句所在。

  第一段:指出美国人友好、礼貌、乐于助人的现象,最后一句交待了文章的写作目的,即这种现象值得评论。

  第二段、第三段:从历史角度探讨产生这一现象的原因:一是旅行者因为打破了当地的沉闷而受欢迎;二是拓荒地区的残酷现实。该部分主要采用说理论证手法。

  第四段:第二句为主题句,说明这一现象在今日的美国仍然盛行,该段使用了引证法。

  第五段:从文化的角度探讨整个美国民族表现出来的友善好客现象。

  二、试题具体分析

15.In   the eyes of visitors from the outside world,         .

15.在外来的参观者的眼里,         

Arude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

A] 粗鲁的出租车司机在美国很罕见

Bsmall-minded officials deserve a serious   comment

B] 心胸狭窄的官员应该被认真评论

CCanadians are not so friendly as their neighbors

C] 加拿大人不如邻国人民友善

Dmost Americans are ready to offer help

D] 大多数美国人乐于助人

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。

  第一段第一句明确指出,去美国访问的人经常带回报道说,大多数美国人对他们友善、礼貌、乐于助人。因此,D选项为正确答案。

  C选项与第二句提到的人们对加拿大和加拿大人也经常做出(友善、礼貌、乐于助人)这样的评价事实不符。A选项与第三句中粗鲁的出租车司机在美国也不少见(hardly unkown)”事实不符。最后一句中Yet使文锋一转,表明作者认为尽管美国也有一些不尽如人意的现象,但是美国人乐于助人的现象仍然值得探讨(deserves comment)B选项将句中it理解为心胸狭窄的官员,而且和题干联系在一起后成了参观者的看法,显然不正确。

  技巧:首段首句常开门见山指出中心或将要讨论的问题,因此成为常考点。

16.It   could be inferred from the last paragraph that        .

16.从文章最后一段可以推出         

Aculture exercises an influence over social   interrelationship

A]文化影响社会关系

Bcourteous convention and individual interest are   interrelated

B]礼貌的习惯和个人兴趣互相影响

Cvarious virtues manifest themselves exclusively   among friends

C]各种美德仅仅表现在朋友关系

Dsocial interrelationships equal the complex set of   cultural conventions

D]社会关系等于一系列复杂的文化习俗

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

  该段首句是全段的主题句,指出同任何发达国家一样,一系列复杂的文化符号、设想和习俗构成了美国所有社会关系的基础。即文化决定或影响社会关系。A选项是对该段的综合归纳。原文中underlie(构成的基础<或起因>)一词成了选项A中的exercises an influence overD选项将社会关系和文化习俗等同,不符文意。

  文章倒数第二句提到仅仅靠在公共汽车上的短暂相遇是不能够区分礼貌是出于礼貌习惯还是个人兴趣的。礼貌习惯是社会文化现象,个人兴趣是个人素质,文中将两者提出来是加以区别(distinguish),而B选项成了相互关联(interrelated)C选项属无中生有,最后一段第四句以朋友一词为例是为了说明在不同的文化中词的文化内涵不同。

  技巧:很多选项与原文内容极为相似,只在词汇上有些变动,如果是同义替换就是正确选项(如本题A选项),如果是反义替换,则是干扰项(如本题B选项)

17.Families   in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers          .

17.住在边远地区的家庭过去常常款待旅游者是         

Ato improve their hard life

A] 为了改善艰苦的生活

Bin view of their long-distance   travel

B] 考虑到他们的长途跋涉

Cto add some flavor to their own daily life

C] 为自己的日常生活增添情趣

Dout of a charitable impulse

D] 出于行善的一时冲动

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。

  根据题干中entertain strangers定位到第二、三段。第二段指出,旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本单调的生活而受人欢迎(a welcome break)...陌生人和旅行者是转移人们的注意力而受欢迎的人(welcome sources of diversion),他们还带来了外面世界的消息。因此可以判断C选项是款待旅游者的原因。

  第三段第四句提到,它(好客的传统)反映了日常生活的严酷现实。选项A将原文中reflect一词换成了improve,含义大相径庭。B在文章中未提及。D选项与第三段第三句这也并非是行善的一时冲动相悖。

  补充:题干中frontier settlements19世纪美国西部开发地区的边缘地带。

18.The   tradition of hospitality to strangers        .

18.这种对陌生人友善的传统         

Atends to be superficial and artificial

A] 往往是表面的、虚伪的

Bis generally well kept up in the United States

B] 一般来说,在美国得以广泛地保持

Cis always understood properly

C] 总是能够被正确理解

Dhas something to do with the busy tourist trails

D] 与一些旅游热线有关

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。

  定位到第四段,第二句yet后点出段落主题:热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行(strong),因此B选项符合文意。

  A选项与最后一句很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬的内容相悖。C选项与倒数第二句去美国的旅客对此类事件的谈论很普遍,然而它们并非总能得到正确理解的事实相悖;D选项与第二句热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行,尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇的内容不一致。

  三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

  长难句分析:

  ①Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

  it指的是上面提到的现象,即大多数美国人表现出来的友好、礼貌和乐于助人。made so frequently 是过去分词做定语,修饰observation。句中使用了so ...that...(如此以至于…)结构,可译为因为太频繁了所以值得讨论

  ②As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.

  句子主干是... a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies ... interrelationships As引导状语从句,修饰in America,意思为正如任何发达的社会一样

  ③ It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.

  该句主干为It takes... to... ,其中使用了it takes time/money (for sb.) to do...结构,强调花的时间不会太短。It为形式主语,真正的主语为to引导的不定式。more than这一比较结构说明实际要求的比后面内容远远要多。

  佳句赏析:

  ①It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.

  句子使用了not ... or ...结构,简单却有力地表现出作者态度。

  知识点补充:on the part of sb.on sb.’s part表示由某人做出的。如:It was an error on my part(这是我的错)

  ②The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

  该句用了neither as...nor as..., but as...结构,严谨流畅,作者观点一览无疑。

  四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

  (1) artificial(a.)人工的,人造的;人为的,矫揉造作的

  (2) charitable(a.)仁爱的,慈善的;charity(n.)慈善团体,仁慈,施舍

  (3) courteous(a.)礼貌的,殷勤的;courtesy(n.)谦恭有礼,有礼貌的举止或言辞

  (4) frontier(n.)国境,边境;边远地区,边疆

  (5) harsh(a.)恶劣的,粗糙的,难听的,严酷的

  (6) hospitality(n.)好客,殷勤,款待;hospitable(a.)好客的,殷勤的

  (7) impulse(n.)冲动,驱使,推动,刺激;(v.)推动

  (8) small-minded(a.)心胸狭隘的

  (9) specialize(v.)(in)专门从事

  (10) superficial(a.) 表面的,肤浅的,浅薄的

  五、全文翻译

  去过美国的人回来总是说大多数美国人对他们是多么友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说,人们对加拿人也经常作出有这样的评论,因而,这应当被认为是北美的普遍现象。当然也有例外。在美国,心胸狭隘的官员,举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如人意的地方,但因为热情好客是人们常常作出的评论,所以值得讨论一番。(长难句①)

  过去很长一段时间,在美国很多地方,旅行者的到来总是颇受观迎,因为他们打破了当地居民沉闷单调的生活。无聊、孤独是一般相互之间距离很远的家庭普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者不仅转折了人们的注意力,他们还带来了外面世界的消息。

  拓荒地区的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统的形成。单独旅行时,如果挨饿、受伤或生病,通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说,这不是一个选择的问题;而对当地居民来说也,这也并非是行善的一时冲动。(佳句①)它反映了日常生活的严酷现实:如果你不收留陌生人,那他便无处求助了。请记住,有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。

  如今,有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过,热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行,尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。我只是路过,和这个美国人聊了聊。很快,他就请我到他家吃饭——这真令人惊奇。去过美国的旅客的这种谈论很普遍,但并非都能被正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看作是表面或虚假的应酬,而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。(佳句②)

  同任何发达国家一样,一系列复杂的文化符号、设想和习俗构成了美国所有社会关系的基础。(长难句②)当然,会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解其社会和其文化模式。不能正确诠释文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如,美国人所说的朋友一词,其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的朋友大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣,单凭一次公共汽车上的邂逅是远远不够的。(长难句③)不过,友好是很多美国人推崇的美德,也是希望从邻居和陌生人那得到的。

  Passage 3

  一、文章结构分析

  这是一篇涉及物质滥用的文章。文章首先通过对drug(药物)一词的界定,指出物质滥用的来历。接着论述了物质滥用的危害,最后介绍了影响人的神经系统的三种药物。

  第一段:首先对drug一词做出界定,指出人们对它的误解。接着指出物质滥用替代药物滥用的原因。

  第二段:介绍了物质(药物)在医疗和社交方面的广泛使用,并分别以first of allalso为标记,解释了这样的物质变成滥用的原因。

  第三段:介绍了影响神经系统的三种精神活性物质,并分别表述其特点。

  二、试题具体分析

19.Substance abuse(line 5, paragraph 1) is preferable to drug abusein that          .

19.“物质滥用”(第一段第五行)比“药物滥用”更为可取的原因是         

Asubstances can alter our bodily or mental   functioning if illegally used

A] 如果非法使用,物质会改变我们的生理或心理机能

B] “drug abuseis only related to a limited number of drugtakers

B] “药物滥用”仅与少数吸毒者有关

Calcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and   cocaine

C] 烟酒同海洛因和可卡因一样致命

Dmany substances other than heroin or cocaine can   also be poisonous

D] 除海洛因和可卡因外,许多其他物质也可能有害

  [精解]本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。

  第一段最后一句用to make clear that表明用物质滥用代替药物滥用的目的是:为了清楚表明滥用酒精和烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。”D选项和题干一起是整个这句话的改写,即原文中的instead of对应题干中的preferable toharmfully对应D选项中的poisonousC选项中fatal(致命)一词与原文中harmfully(有害)一词程度不一致,应排除。

  第一段前三句提到医生和心理学家使用物质代替药物一词的原因:除食品外,任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。药物这个词不局限于某些药品或者吸毒者服用的违禁化学品,也包括酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质。显然,A选项错在限定为非法使用”;B选项错在限定为只与少数吸毒者有关

20.The   word pervasive(line 1, paragraph 2) might mean       

20.pervasive”一词(第二段第一行)的意思可能是         

Awidespread

A] 分布广泛的,普遍的

Boverwhelming

B] 压倒一切的、占主流的

Cpiercing

C] 尖的、穿透的

Dfashionable

D] 时髦的、流行的

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。

  第二段第一句中pervasive一词后,作者列举了物质在日常生活中各个方面的使用。忽略具体的细节,这部分内容表达的主要概念是这些领域都被涵盖。由此可以推知,A选项最符合上下文语境的要求。

  技巧:解答词义题最重要的一点是联系上下文,尤其是与该词紧密相关的部分。

21.Physical   dependence on certain substances results from        .

21.人们对某些物质产生依赖性的原因是         

Auncontrolled consumption of them over long periods   of time

A] 长时间无节制地嗜用它们

 

Bexclusive use of them for social purposes

B] 仅将它们用于社交目的

Cquantitative application of them to the treatment of   diseases

C] 定量地将它们用于治病

Dcareless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms

D] 由于不良症状而粗心地使用它们

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:因果细节题。

  根据Physical dependence定位到第二段第四、五句,它们指出,频繁使用(Repeated use)某种物质可以导致上瘾(physical addiction)或形成依赖(substance dependence)。依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量,要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大,然后是一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。题干中的Physical dependence是将原文中physical addictionsubstance dependence合成一个短语。A选项是对这两句的概括,为正确答案。

  其他三个选项或直接截取原文中的某些词语或臆造类似原文的结构,如B选项中social use(第二段首句)C选项中quantitative application与本段第三句中taken in excess含义相反,D选项中unpleasant symptom(第二段第五句),但每个选项构成的意思已经与原文大不相同。

22.From   the last paragraph we can infer that        .

22.从文章最后第一段我们可以推断          

Astimulants function positively on the mind

A] 兴奋剂对心智有积极影响

B]  hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health

B] 幻觉剂本身就危害健康

Cdepressants are the worst type of psychoactive   substances

C] 抑制剂是精神活性物质中最坏的一种

Dthe three types of psychoactive substances are   commonly used in groups

D] 三种精神活性物质经常被一起使用

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

  文章最后一段介绍了三种精神活性物质:兴奋剂(stimulant)、镇静剂(depressant)和幻觉剂(hallucinogen)。其中幻觉剂,以各种方式(包括产生幻觉)扭曲和改变影响人的感知,因此B选项符合文意。

  文中只提到兴奋剂可加快或激活中枢神经,没有提到它对心智的影响是好是坏,因此排除A选项。 文章也没有对三种物质进行比较,由此排除C选项。D选项是对该段第二句中group一词的误解。该词文中意思是分为,而选项中in groups的意思是共同,一起

  三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

  ①The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

  句子的主干是the phrase “substance abuse” is often used ... to make clear that ...,是一个被动语态的句子,其中that后接的是宾语从句做动词make clear的宾语。

  ②We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

  句子主干是we live in a society...,后面是in which引导的定语从句来修饰限制society。冒号后是并列关系的名词短语,用来举例说明冒号前的观点,即:the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive

  ③Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

  该句的主干是Dependence is marked first by... , and then by...,该句由两个被动句组成,主语都是dependence,谓语都是is marked by...。第一个被动句后有with sth. to do...结构进行解释,第二个被动句后有一个when引导的状语从句。

  佳句赏析

  ①Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.

  句中whereas一词表明前后对照的关系,且speed up (加速)slow down(降低速度)意思相反,彼此对应,很有韵味。

  四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

  (1) addict(n.)入迷的人,上瘾的人(v.)使沉溺,使入迷,使上瘾;drug 吸毒者

  (2) alcohol(n.)酒精

  (3) illegal (a.)非法的;il—前缀,表示非,不。如:illiterate 文盲的,未受教育的

  (4) neutral(a.)中立的;中性的

  (5) heroin(n.)海洛因

  (6) constructive(a.)有建设性的

  (7) excess(a.)过量的,额外的;(n.)过量,过剩;in ~过量

  (8) negative(a.)否定的,消极的,反面的,负的;(n.)负数;(摄影)底片

  (9) perceptual(a.)感觉的

  (10) withdrawal(n.)收回,取回,撤回;戒毒(脱瘾)的过程;withdraw(v.)收回,撤回;退出,缩回

  (11) nervous(a.)神经的;神经过敏的,紧张不安的;nerve(n.)神经;勇气,胆量

  (12) psychoactive(a.)作用于神经的,影响或改变心理状态的;psycho—:前缀,表示精神心理”;如:psychoanalysis 精神分析;psychobiology 精神生物学

  (13) hallucination(n.)幻觉;妄想

  五、全文翻译

  从专业角度说,除食品外,任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。很多人错误地认为药物一词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。这就是为什么现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用物质这个更加中性的词。他们常用物质滥用而不用药物滥用来清楚表示滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质可能如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。(长难句①)

  我们生活在一个物质(药物)在医疗和社交方面使用广泛的社会里:用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林,用来应酬的酒,早晨用来提神的咖啡,还有定神用的香烟。(长难句②)使用这些物质得到了社会认可,且显然具有积极的作用,但什么时候就变成滥用了呢?首先,大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响,如中毒或严重的知觉错乱。反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量,要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大,然后是一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。(长难句)

  影响中枢神经系统,改变知觉、情绪和行为的药物(物质)被称为精神活性物质,它们通常按照功能被分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用,而镇静剂则减缓它的活动。(佳句)幻觉剂主要影响人的知觉,通过多种方式扭曲或改变知觉,其中包括产生幻觉。这些物质常被认为能引起幻觉”(psychedelic一词源于希腊语,意为心灵显现”),因为它们似乎能彻底改变人的意识状态。

  Passage 4

  一、文章结构总体分析

  这是一篇关于大众传媒题材的文章。全文主要讲述了美国著名时代华纳公司面临的社会道德方面的指责。文章在写作上以叙述为主,议论为辅,必要时引用了一些当事人的话加以证明。

  第一段:引用参议员的话说明时代华纳公司正在遭受舆论谴责这一事实,并指出这是公司自我反省的一种体现。

  第二段、第三段:简要介绍了舆论谴责的中心人物——时代华纳董事长列文所面临的困境及他的反应:一是针对来自公司财政方面的压力;二是针对公众对说唱音乐的指责。

  第四段:指出列文的强硬立场有所缓和并举例说明。

  第五段:指出董事会的态度,并引用一位董事的话说明他们的担忧。

  二、试题具体分析

23.Senator Robert Dole criticized Time   Warner for        .

23.罗伯特·多尔参议员批评时代华纳公司是因为         

Aits raising of the corporate stock price

A] 它将公司股价提高

Bits self-examination of soul

B] 它对道德品质的自我反省

Cits neglect of social responsibility

C] 它忽视社会责任

Dits emphasis on creative freedom

D] 它强调创作自由

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:因果细节题。

  根据题干定位到文章第一段,它一开始就谈到,多尔参议员指责时代华纳公司导致社会道德败坏:你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,难道还非要败坏我们的国家、威胁我们的孩子不成C选项是对多尔批评内容的概括。原文中contributing to the moral decline of a nationcorrupt our nation and threaten our children被概括为选项中的neglect of social responsibility

  A选项出现在第二段第二句,超出了题干界定的范围,排除。第一段最后两句提到,(类似参议员)这样的质问仅仅是公司进行反思的最新表现,是一种自我反省,在不同时代已涉及到责任、创作自由和公司底线等不同问题。可见,B选项是参议员批评本身的实质,而不是批评的原因。同样由以上分析可知,D选项是自我反省的部分内容,但不是多尔参议员批评的内容。

24.According   to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

24.根据文章,下面哪个说法是正确的?

ALuce is a spokesman of Time Warner.

A] 路斯是时代华纳公司的发言人。

BGerald Levin is liable to compromise.

B] 列文容易妥协。

CTime Warner is united as one in the face of the   debate.

C] 在这场争议中,时代华纳公司团结一致。

DSteve Ross is no longer alive.

D] 史蒂夫·罗斯已经过世。

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:综合细节题。

  本题是覆盖面广的细节题,考生需要将选项与原文一一对应,因此可优先考虑排除法。最后一段提到路斯是董事会15个成员之一,但并未明确指出他是代言人。排除A选项。B选项与第三段最后一句中Gerald Levin所说的话我们不会在任何威胁面前退却不符。就算是第四段第一句也只提到有迹象表明这位董事长的强硬立场有所缓和”(backing off his hard line stand),但这也不说明他容易妥协。C选项与最后第一段第二句中但是内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧的事实不符。D选项主要涉及对第二段第一句...Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992late这个单词的理解。该词有前,已故的等意思。显然D选项符合文意。

  补充:一般而言,当late加在人名或称呼前时,意为已故的,如:the late Mrs. Dell已故的戴尔夫人;若加在职位、头衔前,该人是否过世,则要据情况而定,如:the late president前总统 (也可能已故,也可能仅指刚刚卸职)

25.In   face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman          .

25.面对最近针对公司的攻击,董事长         

Astuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of   expression

A] 坚持强硬立场去保护思想表达的自由

Bsoftened his tone and adopted some new policy

B] 语气有所缓和,采取了某种新政策

Cchanged his attitude and yielded to objection

C] 改变其态度并屈从于反对意见

Dreceived more support from the 15-member   board

D]从董事会15位成员那获得了更多的支持

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。

  第四段第一句和最后一句分别指出,列文的强硬立场有所缓和;列文宣布公司将致力于为人们可能会反感的音乐制定一些发行标准和标识标准。B选项对这两点都有所描述。

  A选项与第一句内容不符,原文是缓和,选项则是强硬”;C选项则走向另一极端,成了屈从”;D选项与文章最后一段前两句谈到的董事会意见出现分歧的内容不符。

26.The   best title for this passage might be        .

26.最适合本文的标题可能是         

AA Company under Fire

A] 遭到责难的公司

BA Debate on Moral Decline

B] 一场关于道德败坏的争论

CA Lawful Outlet of Street Culture

C] 街头文化的合法表达途径

DA Form of Creative Freedom

D] 一种表现创作自由的形式

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。

  本文主要讲述时代华纳公司因发行新音乐专辑而受到社会的责难及其做出的反应。A选项反映了本文的内容。B选项出现在第一段,但它过于宽泛,没有具体涉及到时代华纳公司。其他选项只是文中出现的细节,不可作为文章主题。

  技巧:文章题目应该应该概括全文主旨,体现文章探讨的对象,干扰项常为文章的细枝末节,不能涵盖全文内容。

  三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

  长难句分析:

  ①At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.

  前一句中主干...questions are ... manifestation...of the soul-searching(心灵反省)是表语manifestation的定语,而它本身又由that引导的定语从句修饰,ever since...为状语。后一句的主干是It’s a self-examination that...,是一个强调句,强调主语self-examination(自我检查)。其中involve意为:包括、包含,牵涉”;corporate bottom line直译为公司的底线,这里可意译为公司的赢利

  ②“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”

  直接引语被分成了两个部分,其主干是The test ...lies not in ...but in ...however 这里的意思是无论多么,修饰形容词,引导让步状语从句。

  知识点补充:in the face意为面前,面对,例如:It’s the instinct of a mother to protect her children in the face of danger.(在危险面前,母亲本能地保护自己的孩子)

  ③During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.

  句子主干是Levin asserted that ...and even cited ...,其中,主语前During…是时间状语,引号部分是直接引语,做asserted的宾语;his soncited的宾语,a teacher in the Bronx, New Yorkhis son的同位语,最后是who引导的定语从句修饰his son

  佳句赏析:

  ①Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent.

  was backing off his hard-line stand描写形象入微、生动、地道。hard-line stand意思是强硬立场”;back off 意为后退,撤回,要比retreat更加生动形象。

  四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

  (1) come to realize 认识到,体会到

  (2) comment(v.) (on)注释,评论;(n.)注释,评论,意见

  (3) contend(v.)斗争,竞争;坚决主张

  (4) contribute(v.)(to)贡献,捐助,捐献;投稿;contribution(n.)贡献,捐献物;contribute to 促成,有助于

  (5) financial(a.)财政的

  (6) irritating(a.)令人恼火的;irritate(v.)激怒,恼火,使急躁

  (7) latitude(n.)纬度;范围;言论行动等的自由

  (8) launch(v.)发射;使()下水,发动,发展;(n.)发射,下水;launch a drive发起一场运动

  (9) mountainous(a.)多山的,山一般的

  (10) objectionable(a.)会引起反对的;objection(n.)(to) 反对,异议

  (11) release(v.) 发行,发表;释放,解放

  五、全文翻译

  没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏。参议员罗伯特·多尔上星期质问时代华纳公司管理人员时说:难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,难道还非要败坏我们的国家、威胁我们的孩子不成?”不过,对于成立于1990年的时代华纳而言,这样的质问仅仅是公司进行反思的最新表现,是一种自我反省,在不同时代已涉及到责任、创作自由和公司底线等不同问题。(长难句①)

  56岁的现任董事长杰拉德·列文是争论的焦点人物,他于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫·罗斯。财政方面,他承受着使股价升值,减少公司巨额债务的压力。在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后,公司债务将达到173亿美元。他也允诺出售部分资产并对公司进行重组,但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着。

  人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子好过一些。列文一向以表现方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐。1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队暴力的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后倍受谴责时,列文却将说唱音乐描述为街头文化的合法表达方式,并说它应该有自己的宣泄途径。他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道:对任何一个民主社会的检验,不在于它能多有效的控制情感的表达,而在于是否给予了人们最广泛的思考和表达自由,尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。我们不会在任何威胁面前退却。”(长难句②)

  列文不愿对上周的辩论做任何评论,但有迹象表明,这位懂事长至少在某种程度上放弃了自己强硬的立场。(佳句)在上个月就摇滚乐的歌词进行讨论的股东会议上,列文宣称音乐不是社会问题的病因,他甚至还以自己的儿子为例,他儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一名教师,上课时用说唱的形式与学生进行交流。(长难句③)但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要保持平衡的问题,还宣布对一些可能令人反感的音乐,公司将致力于制定一套发行和标识的标准。

  一般来说,时代华纳公司的15位董事是支持列文和他为公司制定的经营策略的。但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧。我们中的一些人多年来一直知道,《宪法》第一修正案所规定的自由并非毫无限制,鲁斯说,我认为与公司有关系的一些人可能最近才意识到这一点

  Passage 5

  一、文章结构总体分析

  这是一篇关于美国及其他发达国家经济形势的文章。这些国家都持续保持了较低的通货膨胀率,这一点出乎经济学家的预料。

  第一段:通过类比论证,说明货币政策对经济的影响难以预测。

  第二段至第四段:笔锋一转,指出尽管有诸多不利因素,各国的经济形势却令人满意,通货膨胀率低于经济学家的预测。该部分用了大量数据证明。

  第五段:分析该现象的原因,即经济增长和通货膨胀相联系的旧经济模式的结束。

  二、试题具体分析

27.From   the passage we learn that        .

27.从文章中,我们可以得知         

Athere is a definite relationship between inflation   and interest rates

A] 通货膨胀和利率之间有明确的联系

Beconomy will always follow certain models

B] 经济总会遵循某种模式

Cthe economic situation is better than expected

C] 经济形势比预料的要好

Deconomists had foreseen the present economic   situation

D] 经济学家已经预见到了目前的经济状况

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。

  选项C其实是全文的主旨大意。第二段首句提到,银行家们似乎对近来之形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西;第三段首句提到(指平均通货膨胀率)比多数预测者预测的数字要低”;第四段首句亦指出经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异C选项是各段内容的概括。

  A选项与第一段第三句利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定意思相反,其中definiteuncertain正好是反义词。文章最后一句提到,一些经济学家认为,世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了旧有的经济模式。而且全文多处提到,经济发展形势比预料的好,可见经济的发展不会总是遵循某种模式,否则就不会不可预料了。排除B选项。D选项与第三段和第四段首句表达的含义相反。

  技巧:选项中若出现alwaysalmostallneveronly等词时,一定要看原文中的限定范围。若文中未出现对应的词语,则该选项一般来说是错误的。

28.According   to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

28.根据文章内容,下面哪项陈述正确?

AMaking monetary policies is comparable to driving a   car.

A] 把制定货币政策比作开车。

BAn extremely low jobless rate will lead to   inflation.

B] 特别低的失业率会导致通货膨胀。

CA high unemployment rate will result from inflation.

C] 通货膨胀会导致高失业率。

DInterest rates have an immediate effect on the   economy.

D] 利率直接而快速地影响经济。

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:综合细节题。

  第一段最后一句指出,制定货币政策如同开车,挡风玻璃被被涂黑了,后视镜裂了,方向盘也有问题。注意这里的喻体不仅仅是开车,而是开一辆千疮百孔的车,暗示不可预测性。因此,A选项与原文内容不符。第四段末句中破折号后面部分提到,过去,当比率低于(自然失业率)时,通货膨胀率早已迅速上升,由此可推出B选项。C选项文中未提及,而且根据经济学常识,经济紧缩才会造成经济萎缩,失业增加。第一段第三句和第四句指出,利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定,政策改变对经济的影响存在滞后性,D选项与文意相悖。

29.The   sentence This is no flash in the   pan(line 5, paragraph 3)   means that        .

29.This is no flash in the pan”(35行)的意思是       

Athe low inflation rate will last for some time

A] 低通货膨胀率会持续一段时间

Bthe inflation rate will soon rise

B] 通货膨胀率很快会提高

Cthe inflation will disappear quickly

C] 通货膨胀率很快会消失

Dthere is no inflation at present

D] 目前没有通货膨胀率

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。

  This is no flash in the pan源自成语a flash in the pan(an effort that is quickly over or at once ends in failure),即昙花一现。考生也可以从上下文推测该表达在文中的含义。它出现在第三段末句,其上文提到,近来美国、英国和日本的通货膨胀率都低于经济学家预期的数字。下文又指出,在过去的数年里,英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预期的水平。可见,整个段落都围绕低通货膨胀率而展开论述。因此,A选项的含义最符合上下文。

  技巧:意义明显相反的选项(如本题选项AB),做题时可以予以优先考虑,因为两者中只有一个正确。这样做可以提高解题速度。

30.The   passage shows that the author isthe present situation          .

30.文章表明作者对目前现状的态度是         

Acritical of

A] 批评的

Bpuzzled by

B] 迷惑不解的

Cdisappointed at

C] 失望的

Damazed at

D] 惊奇的

  [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。

  全文引用了大量数据说明通货膨胀率、失业率都较低。第二段首句指出,近来之形势值得夸耀(boast about);第三段、第四段首句都指出,通货膨胀率比预料的要低,经济学家对有利(favourable)的通货膨胀率感到诧异。第五段首句作者不禁也提出为何通货膨胀如此和缓(mild)”的疑惑,因此,D选项正是作者对目前状况的态度。其他三个选项都含否定态度,与作者多处使用的正评价词不符。

  技巧:解态度题时,要学会通过作者所选词的褒贬含义去推知其态度。

  三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

  长难句分析:

  ① Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.

  此句没有谓语动词,只是一个名词性短语。Hence意思是for this reason,表示承接前面的原因。中心词the analogy后接that引导的定语从句。理解时可以直接去掉that理解为主谓句。

  知识点补充:likens这个词用来打比方,显示两事物的相像。如:Life has often been likened to a journey.

  ② Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late.

  句中given做介词用,意为考虑到(某事物)”,这里引导条件状语,boast about...可指自夸、自吹自擂,也可以指为荣of late:意思是最近以来,相当于recently

  例句补充:Given the government’s record on unemployment, their chances of winning the election look poor(尽管本届政府失业率创下了记录,但是他们在大选中获胜的几率也很小)

  ③ Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack.

  句子主干是Economists have been ... surprised by ...,后面接since引导的让步状语从句;在这个从句中主干是conventional measures suggest that ...,谓语suggest后是that引导的宾语从句。

  ④ America’s capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.

  此句由and连接的两个并列分句构成。在第一个分句的主语和谓语America’s capacity utilisation hit之间的for example做插入成分;第二个分句后的破折号是对the natural rate of unemployment的进一步解释,其中还有一个which引导的定语从句。

  ⑤ Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

  句子主干是Some economists argue that ...;that后是宾语从句,从句中的主干是... changes ... have up-ended ...models ...。在宾语model后又跟了一个that引导的定语从句。

  佳句赏析:

  ① Nothing could be further from the truth.

  英语中比较级的否定可以表示最高级,该句字面意思是没有什么比这离真实情况更远的了,即这是最荒谬的,事实远非如此

  例句补充: Nothing is more beautiful than a child’s smiling in the world.(这个世界上,最美的莫过于孩子的笑脸)

  ② This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.

  句中的This is no flash in the pan是对a f1ash in the pan的改写,既有创意,又很地道。

  四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

  (1) analogy(n.)比拟,类比

  (2) faulty(a.)有过失的,有缺点的,不完美的;fault(n.)过失,过错;缺点

  (3) forecast(v./ n.)预测,预报

  (4) inflation(n.)通货膨胀

  (5) poll(n.)民意测验

  (6) slack(a.)懈怠的,懒散的,松弛的,不紧的;萧条的;(n.)淡季,萧条;(pl.)便裤,运动裤

  (7) steer(v.)驾驶,掌舵

  (8) thrilling(a.)令人震惊的;thrill(n.)令人激动的事;(v.)使激动,使兴奋;使毛骨悚然

  (9) up-end(v.)颠倒,倒放;推翻,打倒

  (10) utilization/ utilisation(n.)利用

  五、全文翻译

  很多用来描述货币政策的词,如引导经济软着陆触动经济刹车,使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。(佳句①)利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定。在政策改变对经济产生影响之前,会有一段较长时间且变化不定的后滞期。因此,才会有人将货币政策的制定比作是驾驶一辆汽车,这辆车挡风玻璃被涂黑了、后视镜裂了,方向盘也失灵了。(长难句①)

  尽管有这么多不利因素,中央银行家们似乎对近来之形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西。(长难句②)西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀降至仅2.3%,接近三十年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5%。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数的膨胀率。

  这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。1994年底,每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出,美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5%。实际上,8月份就降到了2.6%,而且有望全年仅为3%。去年年底,英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。这不是昙花一现;在过去几年里,英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。(佳句②)

  经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异,因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济,特别是美国经济几乎没有出现生产萧条。(长难句③)比如,美国的生产力利用率在今年早些时候达到了历史最高水平,失业率(八月份为5.6%)已降到低于很多人对自然失业率的估测——过去,当比率低于自然失业率时,通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。(长难句④)

  为何通货膨胀如此和缓?可惜的是,即使是最令人兴奋的解释也会有小的缺陷。一些经济学家认为,世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了以往那种以经济增长和通货膨胀率的历史关联为基础的旧有的经济模式。(长难句⑤)

  Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation

  一、试题总体分析

  本文探讨了动物是否有权利的问题。作者首先提出,由于人们对人的权利无法达成共识,因此无从谈起动物有无权利的问题。人们在动物权利问题的讨论上走的两个极端都是不可取的,即:要么像对人类自身一样关心体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。接着作者提出最好问一个更基本的问题,即对动物是否需要考虑道德问题?作者指出,认为动物与人在各方面均不相同而无需考虑道德的看法很肤浅,人对动物的同情心是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能,应该加以鼓励。

  1997年翻译试题选材内容较新颖,难度适中,试题的覆盖面较均匀,较全面地测试了考生对英语语言知识的掌握及应用能力。在句子结构上考查了非限定性定语从句的译法、并列结构的省略、现在分词做状语和同位语的翻译;在词汇的考查上涉及了rather than 的译法、代词(尤其是that it)的指代、泛指代词的译法、有固定译法的词语和猜测词义。

  二、试题具体解析

  (31)[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:非限定性定语从句的译法+关系代词的指代。难度:0.39

  该句子的主干是it isn’t, because...because引导原因状语从句it assumes thatthat引导宾语从句there is an agreed account of human rightsan agreed account 是以过去分词修饰名词,译为共识、一致的看法”;后面紧跟着的which非限制性定语从句修饰的是an agreed account of human rights,而不仅仅是human rights,由于非限定性定语从句与原句联系不紧密,翻译时可以根据情况,用重复先行词或用这、这种…”等代词代替先行词的方法另起一句。非限定从句中又含有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have修饰something

  词汇:assume 意为为前提条件, 为基础

  译文:事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的,而这种共识并不存在。

  (32)[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:有固定译法的词语和猜测词义。难度:0.53

  该句子的主干是Some philosophers argue that...that引导宾语从句。其中as引导的介宾结构修饰a social contract,意为作为…”

  词汇:argue提出观点时应译为论证说,而不是争论”;social contract在社会学意义上有固定翻译,为社会契约,不应该随意另作他译;entitlements意为应得的权利/权益,如果不熟悉的话可以通过它与duties(责任、义务)在文中的对照去猜测,因为与义务交换(exchange)的多半是权利

  译文:32.有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在于社会契约中,是责任与权益交换的一部分。

  (33)[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:it的指代、并列结构的省略、泛指代词的译法。难度:0.48

  该句子的主干是It leads the discussion to extremes...: it invites you to think that...It承接上文指一种观点、一种说法,所以实际可译为这种说法。英语中的冒号和汉语的冒号功能相似,都表示下文是上文的说明。在这里,冒号表示的是extremes的内容。冒号后的主干部分是:it invites you to think that...that引导的宾语从句中含有一个省略了关系代词的定语从句humans extend to other humans修饰consideration,此外还有一个either...or...的并列结构,一般译成要么要么…”。注意并列结构的后一部分经常会承前省略,如:本句中的or with no consideration at all就是or animals should be treated with no consideration at all的省略,在翻译时为了表意清楚应翻译出来。代词方面,要注意youone, they这样的代词常表示泛指,此处的you 就是泛指所有人,不能够译成,而应该译成你们

  词汇:lead...to意为导致,引向”;at the outset 意为从一开始”;extend consideration to意为表示关心体贴

  译文:这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。

  (34) [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:现在分词做状语和同位语的翻译。难度:0.59

  该句子的主干是extremists...think that...that后接的是宾语从句;arguing from...是现在分词做原因状语,翻译的时候,因为,由于在不影响词义的情况下可以省略,这主要是因为汉语是意合的文字。view 后面有一同位语从句说明其内容,可以顺译(即不加任何连词另起一句) 也可以用这就是(extremists)of this kind是指持上述观点(humans are different from animals in every relevant respect)的人。

  词汇:in every relevant respect各相关方面”;extremists在本文当中最好不译成极端主义分子,因为这个词在汉语中含动用武力的意思,而本文中仅仅指具有极端看法的人。lie outside the area of moral choice,应该意译成对待动物无须考虑道德问题方符合汉语习惯。

  译文:这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

  (35)[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:rather than 的译法和that 的指代。难度:0.61

  该句子的主干是it is not a mistakewhen引导时间状语从句,冒号后的从句解释前面主句。该句同样有代词指代的问题,That的意思必须到上文去找。上文是说看到动物疼痛大部分人都会产生同情,而that 就是指人类产生同情心的这种表现和反应。后文的两个it 也都与that 指代的内容相同。所以that it应该译成这种反应,这种表现等等。rather than 在英译汉题中屡屡出现,不容忽视。一定要注意它是表示否定而不是肯定,应该译成而不是

  词汇:in action 的意思是起作用。最后一个分句中的an instinct指的就是前文的mankind’s instinct

  译文:这种反应并不是错误,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励,而不应该遭到嘲笑。

  三、参考译文

  动物有权利吗?人们通常这样提问。这像是一个实用且具创新的提问方式。(31)事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的,而这种共识并不存在。

  诚然,根据对权利的一种看法,必然认为动物没有权利。(32)有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在于社会契约中,是责任与权益交换的一部分。因此动物不可能有权利。惩罚吃人的老虎的想法是荒谬的。同样,认为老虎有权利也是荒谬的。然而,这只是一种认识,而且是一种有争议的认识。这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利,而且也剥夺了某些人的权利,例如婴儿,这些还不会用大脑来思考问题的下一代。此外,谁也不清楚,对于从来就不同意契约的人来说,这项契约又具有多大约束力,如果有人说我不喜欢这项契约,那你又如何回答呢?

  问题的症结在于,如果对人的权利没有一致的看法,争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的。(33)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅动物,要么完全冷漠无情。这是一种不真实的选择。这是一种错误的选择。最好以另一种更为根本性的提问开始:我们对待动物的方法是一个道德问题吗?

  许多人否认这种提法。(34)这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的,因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情心错误地用到动物身上。

  这种观点认为,折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴,这种看法似乎是大胆的逻辑推理。实际上,这种看法非常肤浅,因为其中心混乱到应该被摒弃的程度。道德推理的最初级形式,和学习爬行的理论一样,是把自身利益和他人利益加以权衡考虑。那么,这就需要同情心和想象力。没有这两点,就无法用道德观念来进行思考。看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。(35)这种反应并不是错误,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励,而不应该遭到嘲笑。

  Section ⅣWriting(15 points)

  一、审题谋篇

  1997年的作文看起来非常简单,是我们非常熟悉的吸烟问题,似乎每个人都能就此发表自己的观点。实则不然,这篇文章有几个暗含的难点。首先,与往年不同,本年度的图表比较复杂,包含四幅图画。第一幅图是1994年与1995年世界烟草总产量的一个比较图;第二幅图是一个扇形图,说明烟民占世界人口的比例(在此,我们可以看到这个比例是非常高的,言外之意,对吸烟的控制将不是一件轻而易举的事情);第三幅图和第四幅图分别显示吸烟带来的经济损失和人员损失之大,进一步说明控制吸烟势在必行。考生看了四幅图后,首先应该做的一件事情就是寻找四幅图之间的逻辑联系和内在线索,而不是简单地依次描述四幅图。其次,本作文另外一个难点就是文章的重点或落脚点比较隐蔽,也就是在文章提纲的第二点要求上:预测烟草消费的趋势并给出原因。

  基于以上的分析,这篇文章最好分为两段或者三段。第一段段首可以着重利用后两幅图,论述吸烟的危害性,段末部分使用第一幅图点出文章的中心:烟草消费量可能下降的趋势。文章第二段可着重论述这种消费下降趋势的原因。考生也可以在第二段段首点明烟草消费下降的趋势,进而阐述原因。范文使用第二种方法。考生可以根据实际情况,增加一个第三段,客观地分析烟草消费量下降不是一件容易的事,在此可以利用第三幅图,说明烟民占世界总人口的比例较大,控制吸烟不是一件容易的事情。

  二、参考范文

  It goes without saying that tobacco consumption and tobacco industry have always been a hot-debated issue in our society. With the increasing scope of the tobacco industry, more and more people become addicted to smoking. The tremendous tobacco consumption not only causes vast economic losses but also threatens people’s health. The annual economic loss due to tobacco consumption amounts to 200 billion US dollars, and meanwhile 3 million people worldwide lose their lives because of smoking-related diseases.To our great relief, there is a tendency of declining in tobacco consumption—the year between 1994 and 1995, as indicated by chart 1, witnessed a drop in total tobacco production in the world, declining from 14.364 million pounds in 1994 to 14.2 million pounds in 1995. The reason that more and more people begin to quit smoking is mainly people’s increasing awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco. If this trend can be maintained, the number of people dying of smoking-related diseases can be significantly reduced. Therefore, great efforts should be made by people in all walks of the society to stop smoking.

  Needless to say, no easy solution can be found to solve the smoking problem. To begin with, the percentage of smokers is too large: according to a survey, there are 1.2 billion tobacco consumers in the world, accounting for approximately 20 percent of the world population. It wouldn’t be an easy task to persuade such a large amount of people to give up their smoking habits, especially the heavy smokers. In addition, tobacco industry still plays a very important role in the development of the economy. As a consequence, only with concerted efforts of all people, can this problem be properly dealt with.

  三、范文点评

  文章结构:

  从结构上看,该范文对提纲做出适当调整,分为三段而不是两段。第一段采用了先总后分的写作方法,段首先对图画做出总体评价,进而指出烟草业和吸烟对人类社会的危害。第二段段首和上段形成对比,段首指出这种现象有所改变:烟草消费数量有所下降,进而结合图表,指出这种下降的原因何在。第三段采用总总的写作方法,段首为主题句,指出吸烟问题解决起来并没有那么容易,段落中使用To begin withIn addition从两个方面进行论证,段尾对本段进行了总结。

  语言亮点:

  1. hot-debated issue讨论的热点,还可以说widely-discussed issue

  2. become addicted to:或be addicted to上瘾。例如:More and more young people become addicted to on-line chatting.(越来越多的年轻人着迷于网上聊天)

  3. annual:每年的,近义词为yearlyEvery year为副词,相当于annually

  4. due to因为,如:Most accidents are due to driving at high speed.(大部分事故是由于高速驾驶造成的)。类似的表达有:because of, on account of, as result of, in consequence of, caused by等。

  5. amount to达到(某数量),到之多。这是一个图表题中经常使用的结构,例如:Expenses on food amount to 30% of every Chinese family’s income.(用于食物的开支占每个中国家庭收入的30%)。类似的表达有:add up to, come to, total, sum up等。

  6. meanwhile:与此同时。词性为副词,相当于at the same time

  7. smoking-related diseases:与吸烟有关的疾病。

  8. (much)to one’s great relief:使某人大为放心,使某人深感宽慰。

  9. witness时间+experience /see /witness +变化+在哪方面可用来表达某段时间发生的变化。

  10. The reason that... is... :用reason接从句表原因有两种方式:一种是范文中的用法the reason (that)(定语从句)... is(that)...,另一种是the reason why(接同位语从句)... is that...,如:The reason why we cook food much faster today is that the changes in food preparation methods(今天我们烹饪食物的速度提高了很多的原因是在准备食物的方法上有了变化)

  11. maintain:保持。例如:If the present rate of economic increase can be maintained, the majority of Chinese will live a well-off life in the middle of the 21st century.(如果中国经济增长能保持目前的速度,21世纪中叶,大部分中国人就能过上小康生活)

  12. in all walks of the society社会的各个方面,又如:men in all walks of life(各行各业的人)

  13. To begin with:首先,相当于first of allfirst(ly)

  14. account for(在数量、比例方面)占。例如:Farmers account for about 80% of the total population of China.(农民占中国总人口的约80%)

  15. In addition:而且,再者。相当于What’s more

  16. concerted商定的,共同计划或完成的,如:We made a concerted effort to solve the problem.(我们一起努力解决了这个问题)

  四、写作误区

  篇章结构误区:

  生硬的图表罗列是本题写作的第一个误区。任何形式的图表作文,考试的目的都不是单纯的描写,而是要抓住图表之间的内在联系。如果只是罗列现象、描写图表,就会犯言之无物的错误,难以展开有力有效的分析。

  本题写作的第二个误区是跑题,因为很多考生一看到题目,就理所当然地认为这是非常熟悉的吸烟有害健康主题的文章,便开始大谈吸烟的危害、主动吸烟、被动吸烟,及至如何降低吸烟对社会及个人造成的危害,等等。考生犯这样的错误说明没有审清楚题,题目的要求有两点:解释图片;预测烟草消费的趋势并给出原因。换句话说,这样的考生没有意识到或者根本没有看清楚第二个要求。

  语言表达错误:

  用词不当:

  The other reason is that smoking is forbidden in the popular areas in more and more countries.(The other reason is that smoking is forbidden in public areas in more and more countries.)

  Thus I think the tendency of world tobacco consumption is descend.(Thus I think the tendency of world tobacco consumption is to decrease.)

  动词误用:

  Even the strongest method can’t decline the number of smokers.(Even the toughest method can’t make the number of smokers decline.)

  连词误用:

  Because of the tendency of tobacco consumption, I think the number of cigarette smokers is rising in some developing countries.(As far as the tendency of tobacco consumption is concerned, I think the number of cigarette smokers is rising in some developing countries.)

  冠词错误:

  For above-mentioned reasons, I believe the consumption of tobacco will decrease and all problems it causes will be solved.(For all the above-mentioned reasons, I believe the consumption of tobacco will decrease and all the problems it causes will be solved.)

  主谓搭配错误:

  More and more people believe smoking do harm to health, waste money.(More and more people believe smoking does harm to health, and is a waste of money.)

  中式英语:

  From the pictures, we first know that there are a lot of smoking people in the world.(From the pictures, we first know that there are a lot of smokers in the world.)

  句意笼统:

  You can see the number from the chart, which make you think deeply of the harm of smoking. (It can be seen from the chart that there are 200 billion dollars’ loss and 3 million deaths resulting from smoking.)

 


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