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2018年考研的帷幕已经拉开，京师杏林的小编为大家找来了1998年英语一真题，大家要重视真题，夯实基础，为12月的考研打下坚实的基础
1998年考研英语真题
Part Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)
1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time the last bus.
A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught
2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.
A. needn’t dress up B. did not need have dressed up
C. did not need dress up D. needn’t have dressed up
3. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended
C. should have offended D. might have offended
4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist what to do and what not to do.
A. to be told B. having been told C. being told D. to have been told
5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage avoided.
A. is to be B. can be C. will be D. has been
6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true
it comes to classroom tests.
A. before B. as C. since D. when
7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter he does.
A. how B. where C. what D. when
8. I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school twenty years ago.
A. about B. since C. till D. with
9. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, insufficiently popular with all members.
A. being considered B. considering C. to be considered D. having considered
10. for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A. Had it not been B. Were it not C. Be it not D. Should it not be
Section B (11~20略：新大纲不再考查的部分)
Section C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
21. The machine needs a complete since it has been in use for over ten years.
A. amending B. fitting C. mending D. renovating
22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a
of him.
A. glance B. glimpse C. look D. sight
23.I don’t think it’s wise of you to your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.
A. show up B. show out C. show in D. show off
24.The returns in the short may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.
A. interval B. range C. span D. term
25. A thorough study of biology requires with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.
A. acquisition B. Discrimination C.curiosity D.familiarity
26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would her long effort.
A. justify B. testify C. rectify D. verify
27. I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to my debt in return for certain services.
A. take away B. cut out C. write off D. clear up
28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great .
A. explosion B. sensation C. exaggeration D. stimulation
29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post no responsibility with it at all?
A. shoulders B. possesses C. carries D. shares
30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.
A. comment B. reaction C. impression D. comprehension
31. Please yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.
A. restrain B. hinder C. restrict D. prohibit
32. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of every business operation in the whole country.
A. practically B. preferably C. precisely D. presumably
33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.
A. in proportion to B. in reply to C. in relation to D. in contrast to
34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will at the end of this month.
A. expire B. exceed C. terminate D. cease
35. All the offshore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read letters from their families.
A. sentimental B. affectionate C. intimate D. sensitive
36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to , or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.
A. revolt B. revolve C. reverse D. revive
37. I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choice was quite .
A. arbitrary B. rational C. mechanical D. unpredictable
38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer accor- ding to the weather.
A. altered B. converted C. fluctuated D. modified
39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not their prospect of promotion.
A. spur B. further C. induce D. reinforce
40. In what to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.
A. applies B. accounts C. attaches D. amounts
Part Ⅱ Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.
This view, 47 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.
41.A. admitted B. believed C. claimed D. predicted
42.A. plain B. average C. mean D. normal
43.A. momentary B. prompt C. instant D. immediate
44.A. bulk B. host C. gross D. magnitude
45.A. On B. With C. For D. By
46.A. broadly B. thoroughly C. generally D. completely
47.A. however B. meanwhile C. therefore D. moreover
48.A. at B. in C. about D. for
49.A. manifested B. approved C. shown D. speculated
50.A. noted B. impressed C. labeled D. marked
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A，B，C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)
Passage 1
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.
But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left—all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the stroops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.
Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.
Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.
51. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that .
[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted
[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things
[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight
52. In paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to.
[A] areas short of electricity
[B] dams without power stations
[C] poor countries around India
[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area
53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?
[A] They bring in more fertile soil.
[B] They help defend the country.
[C] They strengthen international ties.
[D] They have universal control of the waters.
54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.
[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”
[B] “More haste, less speed”
[C] “Look before you leap”
[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”
Passage 2
Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987.That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 19781987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace—all that reengineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.
Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.
Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bon Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish—“the worst sort of ambulance-cashing.”
55. According to the author, the American economic situation is .
[A] not as good as it seems
[B] at its turning point
[C] much better than it seems
[D] near to complete recovery
56. The official statistics on productivity growth .
[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle
[B] fall short of businessmens anticipation
[C] meet the expectation of business people
[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy
57. The author raises the question “What about pain without gain?” because .
[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”
[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works
[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading
[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses
58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?
[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.
[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.
[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.
[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.
Passage 3
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17thcentury trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics-but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason”, held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘antiscience’can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”
59. The word “schism” (Line3, Para 1) in the context probably means .
[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction [C] separation [D] contempt
60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to .
[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power
[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists
[C] explain the way in which science develops
[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities
61. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.
[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.
62. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is .
[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzling
Passage 4
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development—and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.
Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people—numerically the third—largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails.
Three sun—belt states—Florida, Texas and California—together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th—with Cleveland and Washington, DC, dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too—and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child—bearing years.
Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances ——
Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate—37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all:63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of western states with 7.5 million people—about 9 per square mile.
The flight from over—crowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.
In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose—and still are choosing—somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent—little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s .
[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population
[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ
64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that .
[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution
[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants
[C] it reveals the Americans new pursuit of spacious living
[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”
65. We can see from the available statistics that .
[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US
[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West
[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration
[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population
66. The word “demographers”(Line 1, Para.7) most probably means .
[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy
[B] advocates of migration between states
[C] scientists engaged in the study of population
[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life
Passage 5
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
67. The author believes that .
[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior
[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true
[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions
[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart
68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that .
[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions
[B] they have been found to share certain geological features
[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years
[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe
69. The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining .
[A] the structure of the African plates
[B] the revival of dead volcanoes
[C] the mobility of the continents
[D] the formation of new oceans
70.The passage is mainly about .
[A] the features of volcanic activities
[B] the impotance of the theory about drifting plates
[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes
Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)
They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth.(71)But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
(72)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and super clusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait.(73)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
(74)If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity.(75)Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
Part Ⅴ Writing (15 points)
Directions：
A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1) Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.
2) Give your comments.
1998年考研英语真题答案快速扫描
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.A |
(11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分) |
21.C 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.D 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.B |
31.A 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.D |
41.A 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.D 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.C 50.D |
51.C 52.D 53.D 54.C 55.A 56.B 57.B 58.A 59.C 60.D |
61.A 62.A 63.B 64.C 65.D 66.C 67.B 68.B 69.D 70.C |
1998年考研英语真题答案系统精析
Part Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary
Section A
1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time the last bus.
A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught
【句意】昨晚我在办公室工作得太晚，差一点儿没赶上最后一趟公交车。
【答案】B
【考核知识点】 非谓语动词
【解析】动词不定式和分词都可作后置定语，动词不定式表示将来的动作;分词表示一般动作;根据句意可知，所填之词修饰“time”，表示去乘车的时间，是将来的时间，所以C、D不对;“to have caught”是不定式的完成形式，表示动作发生在“had time”之前，用在此处显然不对，所以A选项也不对。“hardly had time to do sth.”意为“几乎没有时间，来不及去做某事”，而“have a hard time doing sth.” 则意为“做某事不容易”。故应该选B。
【举例】I had a hard time going back.
She had a hard/difficult time finding her dog.
I had no time to go shopping.
2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.
A. needn’t dress up B. did not need have dressed up
C. did not need dress up D. needn’t have dressed up
【句意】原来那只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会，我们真没有必要穿戴得那么正式。
【答案】D
【考核知识点】情态动词
【解析】一般情况下，“do not need to do sth.”或“need not do sth.”意为“没有必要去做某事”，表示某事还没有做;“do not need to do sth.”中的“need”是行为动词，“need not do sth.”中的“need”是情态动词;“needn’t have done sth.”意为“原本没有必要做某事”，表示某事已经做了;根据“it turned out to be(原来是)”可知，我们已经参加了那个聚会，所以A、C不对;B的表达方式明显不对，应该为“did not need to have dressed up”。即选D。
【举例】You needn’t have woken her up; she doesn’t have to go to shool today.
You needn’t have finished last night.
You didn’t need to back.
3. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended
C. should have offended D. might have offended
【句意】如果当时冒犯了你，我道歉，但是我向你保证我不是故意的。
【答案】B
【考核知识点】虚拟语气
【解析】根据后面的“it was unintentional”可知动作已经发生，因此“if”引导的从句表示对过去事实的虚拟，句子应该用过去完成时态,所以A选项不对;C 一般用于虚拟条件句的主句中，表示过去应该做某事但是没有做，用在此处也不对;D 一般也用于虚拟条件句的主句中，表示过去可能做过某事;只有B是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。故应该选B。
4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist what to do and what not to do.
A. to be told B. having been told C. being told D. to have been told
【句意】虽然弗雷德才十几岁，但他却能抵制别人叫他做这做那。
【答案】C
【考核知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】“resist”后面一般接名词或动名词作宾语，所以选项A、D不对;B的时态也不对。应选C。
5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage avoided.
A. is to be B. can be C. will be D. has been
【句意】若要避免粮食短缺问题，就必须加大力度，增加农业产量。
【答案】A
【考核知识点】一般将来时
【解析】本题测试时态,根据句意可知“避免粮食短缺”是将来的动作，而从句应该用一般现在时态表示将来时态，不能用“will”、“shall”或”be going to”表示，所以C不对;B表示能避免或可能避免，不符合句子的意思;D表示避免的动作已经完成，也不符合句子的意思;“be to do”结构可以表示将来，表示“按计划、规定、要求等将要做的事情”。
6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true
it comes to classroom tests.
A. before B. as C. since D. when
【句意】做家庭作业是一种提高你的考试成绩的稳妥办法，特别对随堂考试，这方法尤为可靠。
【答案】D
【考核知识点】本题测试常用句型的用法
【解析】“When it comes to + 名词性成分”为一固定句型，意为“当涉及到……”或“谈到……时”，故答案应为D。其余三项都没有这种用法。
【举例】 He knows nothing when it comes to astronomy.
7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter he does.
A. how B. where C. what D. when
【句意】这座城市有一百多所夜校，这使得专业技术人员无论从事什么工作，都有可能接受再教育。
【答案】C
【考核知识点】连词用法
【解析】本题测试引导词,根据句意可知，所填之词既要引导he does从句，又要在从句中作宾语，因为does是及物动词，必须后缀宾语。“how”表示方式，可以引导从句，但是不能在从句中作宾语;“where”表示地点，可以引导从句，但不能在从句中作宾语，“when”也是可引导从句，同样不能作宾语。只有“what”既可以引导从句，又可以在从句中作宾语。由此可见，答案只能为C。
8. I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school twenty years ago.
A. about B. since C. till D. with
【句意】我一直与一个二十年前和我同校读书的女孩保持着友谊。
【答案】D
【考核知识点】介词用法
【解析】根据句子的意思可知，定语从句“whom I was at school”只有加上一个介词后才能完整;如果用“about”、“since”或“till”，则句子的时态不对，意思也不完整;只有用“with”与“whom I was at school”一起构成定语从句，表示“和我同校学习的那名女孩”。这才符合句子的意思，应该选D。
【举例】The little house which we used to go to has disappeared.
She is the woman whom I talked to yesterday.
9. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, insufficiently popular with all members.
A. being considered B. considering C. to be considered D. having considered
【句意】因为考虑到他不能受到所有成员的欢迎，所以，没有邀请他担任协会的主席职务。
【答案】A
【考核知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】分词和动词不定式都可以作状语分词结构作状语，经常表示原因;不定式结构作状语，则多表示目的和结果。根据句意可排除C，前后句子的主语相同，前面的句子用的是被动语态，后面的句子也应该用被动语态。故排除B、D两个主动式。
10. for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A. Had it not been B. Were it not C. Be it not D. Should it not be
【句意】要不是老百姓的及时投资，我们公司不可能像现在这样兴旺。
【答案】A
【考核知识点】虚拟语气条件句的省略式
【解析】尽管句末用了一般现在时“as it is”，然而逗号前显然是在针对过去进行假设，由后面的“our company would not be so thriving”可知，本句话应该用虚拟语气。针对过去的虚拟语气条件句应用过去完成时态来表达，故原句应为“If it had not been...”,根据英语语法，该条件句可简略为“Had it not been...”，故A正确答案。B、D分别是现在虚拟条件句和将来虚拟条件句的省略表达形式。C不是虚拟形式。
【举例】If you had finished your work yesterday, you would be free all right now.
If you were older, I would have allowed you to go swimming yesterday.
Section B (11~20略：新大纲不再考查的部分)
Section C
21. The machine needs a complete since it has been in use for over ten years.
A. amending B. fitting C. mending D. renovating
【句意】这台机器已经运转十多年了，因此需要全面检修。
【答案】C
【考核知识点】动词短语
【解析】[A] amending“修正,修改,改正,改善”指改正……的缺点或错误。[例]amend a bill/one’s way。
[B] fitting“安装,装备”指为……提供设备。[例] fit the lab with the latest equipment。
[C] mending“修理,修补”指修补破损的用具，使之可再用。[例] mend shoes/a watch/broken toy/a road/a hole。
[D] renovating“更新,革新,修复(尤其指旧建筑物),整修”指通过修理使……恢复原先的状态。[例]The house has been completely renovated and modernized.
22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a
of him.
A. glance B. glimpse C. look D. sight
【句意】到场的人很多，而他只到场了一会儿，所以，我只瞅见他一眼。
【答案】B
【考核知识点】测试固定搭配
【解析】[A]glance一瞥,匆匆一看。[搭配] take/have/cast a glance at意思是“对……匆匆一看，一瞥”。
[B]glimpse[搭配]catch/get a glimpse of瞥见，看见一眼。[例]I caught a glimpse of the girl’s face as she ran past.那个女孩跑过去时，我瞥见了她的脸。
[C]look看，注意。[搭配]have/take a look at意为“看一看……”。
[D]sight[搭配]catch sight of(注意:sight前没有冠词。)根据句意可知，应该选“glimpse”即B。
23. I don’t think it’s wise of you to your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.
A. show up B. show out C. show in D. show off
【句意】我认为你在主任面前卖弄你懂得更多知识很不明智，因为这样做可能会冒犯他。
【答案】D
【考核知识点】 固定搭配
【解析】[A]show up使露出;出席;出现;显眼。[例]We were hoping for a full team today but only three players showed up.今天我们希望全体队员都到齐，但结果只到了三个人。/Why didn’t you show up at the party yesterday evening?昨晚聚会时你怎么没有到场?
[B]show out送某人出去
[C]show in领某人进入
[D]show off卖弄,炫耀。[例] The child sang and danced around the room, showing off to everybody.那个孩子满屋子跳舞，向大家炫耀。
24. The returns in the short may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.
A. interval B. range C. span D. term
【句意】短期内，这笔投资所获的利润可能不高，但是，几年后会获得丰厚的利润。
【答案】D
【考核知识点】近义词辨析
【解析】[A]interval“(时间的)间隔,间歇(强调两个事件之间的时间。)”指两个特定瞬间，事件或状态之间的时间量。[例]at intervals不时/at short/long intervals间或/常常。
[B]range“范围，幅度，区域(不表示时间)”。指运用心眼、机器、力量等所能概括的整个范围。
[C]span“(自始至终的)一段时间(侧重时间跨度)，期间”指自始至终的一段时间，侧重于时间跨度。[例]the life span寿命/a short span of two years短短的两年期限。
[D]term“期间，期限”指一段限定的时间。[搭配]in the short term短期内。[例]In the short term we may lose money on this book,but in the long term we hope to make large profit.就眼前来说，我们也许在这本书上会亏本，但从长远来说，我们有望赚大钱。
25. A thorough study of biology requires with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.
A. acquisition B. Discrimination C. Curiosity D. familiarity
【句意】要想对生物学作透彻的研究，就必须通晓树木和其他植物的特性以及鸟兽类的习性。
【答案】D
【考核知识点】词义辨析及固定搭配
【解析】[A]acquisition“获得，得到”指通过自我努力获得。
[B]discrimination“区别;歧视”指发觉显著特征，看出区别。
[C]curiosity“好奇心，求知欲”指想知道与自己无关的人或事情的欲望。
[D]familiarity“熟悉，通晓”指通晓……的特点或状态。根据句意可知，所填之词应该与后面的“with”搭配;只有“familiarity”可以与之搭配，意为“熟悉……，通晓……”。应该选D。[搭配]familiar with /familiarity with。[例]His familiarity with many strange languages surprised us all.他通晓许多种陌生的语言，这使我们都感到惊讶。
26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would her long effort.
A. justify B. testify C. rectify D. verify
【句意】她一直辛勤工作，但事先并不能确定其结果是否会白费力气。
【答案】A
【考核知识点】形近词词义辨析
【解析】[A]justify“证明……是值得的/正当的/有理的/公正的”指证明……正当、正确、有效或值得。[例]The course of that events fully justifies our views.那件事情的发展完全证明我们的意见是正确的。
[B]testify“作证，表明，证明”基于个人经历支持一种假设事实的陈述。[例] Words testify thought.言语表明思想。/His red face testified to his guilt.他脸色通红,这说明他内心有愧。
[C]rectify“纠正，校正，矫正，整顿，改正”指通过计算或调整来矫正。[例] rectify errors/one’s life 纠正错误/改过自新。
[D]verify“证实，检验，查证，核实”指通过比较、调查或参考等来确定……的真实性或确切性。[例] verify the figures of a report核实报告中的数字。根据句意可知，应该选A。
27. I m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed tomy debt in return for certain services.
A. take away B. cut out C. write off D. clear up
【句意】得知老板因为我的一些贡献，慷慨地将我欠的债一笔勾销，我很高兴。
【答案】C
【考核知识点】短语动词
【解析】[A]take away拿走，夺走，减损
[B]cut out切掉，割掉，剪去，停止，放弃
[C]write off取消，勾销(债务)，注销。[例] There seems to be no hope of ever getting the debt back from him. I think you can write it off.看来那笔债再也没有希望从他那儿要回来了，我认为你可以把它消掉了。
[D]clear up清算，解释，澄清，清除，解除(误会、疑虑)。[例]clear up misunderstanding消除误会。根据句意可知应该选用“write off”,即C。
28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great .
A. explosion B. sensation C. exaggeration D. stimulation
【句意】有些记者往往夸大事态，以便他们的新闻可能产生极大的轰动效应。
【答案】B
【考核知识点】词义辨析
【解析】[A]explosion“爆炸，爆发”指突然而又常常剧烈地释放机械能、化学能、核能、高温或气体。
[B]sensation“轰动，激动(特指由一个人物或一条新闻所导致的轰动效应)”指公众浓厚的兴趣和兴奋的状态。[例]His new theory has created an enormous sensation throughout the civilized world.他的新理论在整个文明世界引起巨大轰动。
[C]exaggeration“夸大，夸张”指描述得大于实际情况。
[D]stimulation“刺激，鼓舞，鼓励(泛指任何可以带来刺激或兴奋的事)”指通过激励使……兴奋。根据句意可知，应该选B。
29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post no responsibility with it at all?
A. shoulders B. possesses C. carries D. shares
【句意】依你刚才所说，我可以推断他的新职位完全没有职责?
【答案】C
【考核知识点】主谓搭配
【解析】[A]shoulders主语通常是人，意为“挑起，承担”，指用肩扛……物或将……物放在肩上。
[B]possesses主语通常是人，意为“拥有，占有”，指具有……品特，品质或其他特征。
[C]carries带有，主语是事或物。[例]Parents words carry weight.父母的话具有影响力。
[D]shares主语通常是人，意为“分摊，共有”，指共同享有。根据句意可知应该选C。
30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.
A. comment B. reaction C. impression D. comprehension
【句意】有时，老师可能要求学生针对他正在研究的科目有关的某本书或某篇文章写出他的感受。
【答案】B
【考核知识点】固定搭配
【解析】[A]comment“评论，注释”指打算作为一本书或其他书面形式里一段解释、说明或批评的文字记录，通常与“on(upon)”搭配。[搭配] comment on/upon/about。[例] comments on current events时事评论。
[B]reaction “对……反应，感应”指在某种刺激或提示的影响下或针对这种影响而采取的行动，通常与“to”搭配。[搭配] reaction to。[例] It was difficult to guess what her reaction to the news would be.很难猜测她对这个消息有怎样的反应。
[C]impression“印象，感想”指作为经历的结果留下来的效果、感觉或者形象，通常与“of”搭配。[搭配]impression of/about/on。[例]What’ your impression of him?你对他的印象如何?
[D]comprehension“理解，领悟”指理解……思、性质或重要性的行为或事实，通常与“of”搭配。根据句意，应该选B。[例] He is dull of comprehension.他理解力迟钝。
31. Please yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.
A. restrain B. hinder C. restrict D. prohibit
【句意】请不要在公共场所吸烟、吐痰，因为法律禁止这些行为。
【答案】A
【考核知识点】词义辨析及固定搭配
【解析】[A]restrain“克制，抑制(不去做某事，与from搭配，可接反身代词)”意为“抑制某人自己……”。[例] He could hardly restrain herself from crying aloud.她控制不住,几乎要哭起来。
[B]hinder妨碍，阻碍。[例] The crowd hindered him from leaving.人群拦住了他，使他无法离开。
[C]restrict限制，限定(强调少做某事，与to搭配)。[例] He was restricted to smoking two cigarettes a day.限制他每天抽两支烟。
[D]prohibit禁止，阻止，可以与“from”搭配，构成“prohibit+人称代词+from”，也可用于被动语态。由句意可知，选A。(侧重外部因素如法律，规章制度等，常用被动结构)。[例] Students are prohibited from smoking inside school.学生禁止在校内吸烟。
32. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of every business operation in the whole country.
A. practically B. preferably C. precisely D. presumably
【句意】如果没有电话，整个国家的所有商业经营业务几乎都做不成。
【答案】A
【考核知识点】副词用法
【解析】[A]practically“几乎，实际上，事实上”指从实际出发地。[例]We’ve had practically no fine weather this month.这个月几乎没有好天气。
[B]preferably“宁可，宁愿，更可取地”指比另一个更合意或更有价值地。
[C]precisely“精确地，正好，恰恰”指严格区别于其他地，正是所要地。
[D]presumably“可能地，大概”指向假定地或可被认为是理所当然地。由句意可知，应该选A。
33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.
A. in proportion to B. in reply to C. in relation to D. in contrast to
【句意】初步预算额定为大约1100亿美元，与总统正在努力说服国会通过的1600亿美元形成对比。
【答案】D
【考核知识点】 介词短语
【解析】[A]in proportion to与……成正比,和……相比
[B]in reply to 回复，答复，为了回报
[C]in relation to 有关, 涉及……
[D]in contrast to 与……成对比/大不相同/形成对照。[例] In contrast to her friends she live modestly.她的生活很朴素，与她的朋友们大相径庭。
34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will at the end of this month.
A. expire B. exceed C. terminate D. cease
【句意】他正计划再出国一次，可是他的护照本月底就要到期了。
【答案】A
【考核知识点】词义辨析
【解析】[A]expire“(一段时期)终止，满期，到期”指……将终止、到期、不能再使用。[例] His term of office as President expires next year.他当总统的任期明年届满。
[B]exceed“超越，胜过”指比……更好、超越……的界限。
[C]terminate“(一种行为)终止，终结”指使……停止或停顿。[例] terminate a contract终止合同。
[D]cease“停止，结束”指停止进行某种活动或行为。[例] At last they ceased working.他们终于停止工作了。根据句意可知，应选A。
35. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read letters from their families.
A. sentimental B. affectionate C. intimate D. sensitive
【句意】海洋石油勘探队员们收到充满亲情的家书后，个个情绪高涨。
【答案】B
【考核知识点】形容词辨析
【解析】[A]sentimental“情绪的，伤感的，多愁善感的”指引起伤感情绪的，尤其是浪漫情感的。[例] sentimental love stories伤感的爱情故事。
[B]affectionate“充满柔情的，挚爱的”指表示喜欢的感情的，深情的。
[C]intimate“(人与人关系)亲密的，亲近的”指关系密切的。[例] intimate friends密友。
[D]sensitive“敏感的，有感觉的”指对外界状况或刺激有反应的。根据句意可知，应选B。
36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.
A. revolt B. revolve C. reverse D. revive
【句意】20世纪90年代初期发生的若干国际事件似乎有可能使80年代出现的趋势逆转或至少是使其减弱。
【答案】C
【考核知识点】动词词义辨析
【解析】[A]revolt“(不及物)反叛，厌恶，反感”指感到讨厌或厌恶。[搭配]revolt against。
[B]revolve“旋转，绕转”指绕中心点运行。
[C]reverse“使……逆转/倒转，使……反向，使变得相反，改变”指……变为相反的。
[D]revive“使苏醒，使复活，复兴”指使复苏或苏醒。根据句意可知，应该选“reverse”。
37. I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite .
A. arbitrary B. rational C. mechanical D. unpredictable
【句意】我没意识到其中所包含的要点，因此，我的抉择十分武断。
【答案】A
【考核知识点】形容词辨析
【解析】[A]arbitrary“任意的，随心所欲的，武断的，不理智的”指由偶然一时兴致或冲动而非由必然，推理或原则决定的。
[B]rational“合理的，理性的”指明智的、以理性为基础的。
[C]mechanical“机械的，无意识的，无表情的”指以呆板或机械的方式表现的。
[D]unpredictable“不可预测的，不能预见到的”指难以预言或预见的。由句意可知，应选A。
38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer
according to the weather.
A. altered B. converted C. fluctuated D. modified
【句意】当地人非常惊喜地发现，蔬菜的价格没有再随天气的变化而波动。
【答案】C
【考核知识点】动词辨析
【解析】[A]altered “改动，变更”指……在性质、方向、位置、尺寸等方面的变化，但还可辨认原样。[例] The plane altered the course.飞机改变了航线。/The skirt must be altered. It is too large.这件裙子太大，必须改一改。
[B]converted “转变，变换”指使……转变成另一种形式、物质、状态或结果。[例] Water can be converted to vapor by beating.水通过加热可以转化成蒸汽。/The ferry was converted to carry troops during the war.这条渡船在战时用来运送军队。
[C]fluctuated “波动，涨落”主要指价格方面的上下变化。[例] All year she has fluctuated between optimism and despair.一年来，她时而乐观，时而绝望。/The value of dollar did fluctuate.美元不稳定。
[D]modified “修改(稍微改变以达到改进的目的)，变更”指在形式特征上改变。[例] This plan must be modified.这一计划必须修改。/The equipment has been modified to suit local requirement.这台设备已做改进以适应当地的要求。
39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not their prospect of promotion.
A. spur B. further C. induce D. reinforce
【句意】雇员追求闲暇，这当然不利于他们的提升。
【答案】B
【考核知识点】动词辨析
【解析】[A]spur “驱策，刺激，激励”指以某种方式催促某人加速前进。[例] The rider spurred his horse on.骑手策马向前。/He spurred his players to fight harder.他激励赛手们加油。
[B]further“增进，促进，推进”指推进，使某一目标实现或使离某一目标更近。[例]Their support furthered the cause of his.他们的支持推进了他的事业。
[C]induce“引诱，诱使(引起或导致不好的事情)”指用影响或劝告来引导或行动。[例] induce unsatis faction引起不满。
[D]reinforce“(力量上)加强，加固”指给予更多的力量或效力。[例] to reinforce one’s opinion加强某人的观点。/to reinforce the dam with sandbags用沙袋加固大坝。
40. In what to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.
A. applies B. accounts C. attaches D. amounts
【句意】差不多到了最后的期限，一个委员会才宣布救急基金将使两颗已使用多年的卫星继续服役。
【答案】D
【考核知识点】动词辨析
【解析】[A]applies(to)使用，适合。[例] This rule applies to everyone.这个规则适用于任何人。
[B]accounts (to)说明(账目)，对……作出解释，对……负责。[例] He has to account to the manager for all the money he spends.他花的所有钱都必须向经理报账。
[C]attaches(to)附属于，归因于，适用于。[例] Please attach this mirror to the wall.请将这个镜子钉在墙上。
[D]amounts (to) 总数达到，意味着，相当于，等于。[例] That practically amounts to lie.那实际上等于是个谎言。/Your words amount to agree.你的话等于是同意。
Part Ⅱ Cloze Test
文章大意
本文是一篇对比比较型的文章，作者就工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题提出了两种相对立的观点，并分两段分别进行了叙述，解读文章时应注意文章中的对比、比较的关系。
全文精译、答案出处及英汉对照
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.
This view, 47,is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.
直到最近，多数历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。他们(41)承认，从长远观点来看，工业化的确大大地提高了(42)普通老百姓的生活水平。但是，他们坚持说，从1750年到1850年期间，工业化的(43)直接结果是(44)广大英国人民的普遍贫困和苦难。(45)对比之下，在此之前从1650年到1750年的100年间，英国还是一个(46)完全的农业国，他们认为是一个富裕和繁荣的时期。
(47)然而，人们普遍认为这种观点是错误的。历史学和经济学方面的(48)专家已经(49)证明了两件事：从1650年到1750年期间以极度贫困为(50)特征，而工业化显然没有使这种状况恶化;事实上却改善了绝大多数平民百姓的生活条件。
答案详解
41.【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为52.4%
【考核知识点】动词词义辨析
【解析】[A]admitted承认(表让步，正好符合上下文逻辑)
[B]believed相信,认为(不表让步，语义衔接不够紧)
[C]claimed声称，声明，说某事是事实(不表让步，语义衔接不够紧)
[D]predicted预测，预言，预示(不表让步，语义衔接不够紧)
文章开篇就指出：大多数历史学家对工业革命持批评态度。接着文章指出，从长远来看，工业化提高了人们的生活水平，这实际上是对前一句“对工业革命持批评态度”的让步。第三句又以But开头，暗示与第二句有转折关系。因此可以肯定，这道题要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。四个选项中，除了admitted可以承接上下文，表示一种让步外，其他三个动词都没有这个作用。
42.【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为51.4%
【考核知识点】形容词词义辨析
【解析】[A]plain朴素的，简朴的。[例]plain living 简朴的生活。
[B]average普通的，平常的。[搭配] average man普通老百姓。
[C]mean吝啬的，小气的，卑鄙的。[例] Peter’s father was very mean; he never gave Peter any new clothes.彼得的父亲很小气，他从不给彼得添新衣服。
[D]normal正常的，没有残疾的。[例] a normal child智力正常的儿童。
average意为“普通的、平常的”，average man指平民。该句中可译为：他们承认工业化从长远来看，大大提高了普通老百姓的生活水平。根据句意可知，应选B。
43.【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为21.5%
【考核知识点】 形容词词义辨析
【解析】[A]momentary瞬间的,短暂的
[B]prompt迅速的,敏捷的
[C]instant立即的,直接的(常指在使用上不必花费多少时间和精力。)。[例]instant coffee 速溶咖啡;instant cereal即溶麦片;instant noodle方便面，即食面。
[D]immediate(常指时间方面)直接的
我们可以从上下文的语境中对所要填入的词加以定位。in the long run与表示相对短暂时间的短语the period from 1750 to 1850相对应。widespread poverty and misery正是这一时期内工业化所产生的结果。而这种结果持续了一百年，因此表示短暂时间的A、B、C三个选项加以排除。答案只能是D选项。
44.【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为26.8%
【考核知识点】名词搭配辨析
【解析】[A]bulk[搭配]the bulk of=the greater part or number of 大半，大部。[例] The bulk of the work has already been done.此项工作的大部分已经完成。/He left the bulk of his property to his brother.他将大部分财产遗留给了他的弟弟。
[B]host [搭配] a host of=a great number of(与可数名词连用)许多。[例] He has a host of friends.他有许多朋友。/We are faced with a host of difficulties.我们面临许多困难。
[C]gross总额，总量。[例] The gross for the year was $50,000.年总收入为五万美金。
[D]magnitude=size大小
45.【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为46.5%
【考核知识点】习惯搭配
【解析】[A]On [B]With [C]For [D]By
contrast的常用短语是by contrast和in contrast。前者意为“对比起来、与之相比”，后者意为“和……形成对比”，两者都强调与另一事物进行比较，存在反差。它们可单独使用，也可在后面接比较对象by contrast with sth.或in contrast to/with sth.。文中空格前面提到，工业化带来了widespread poverty and misery，空格后则提到工业革命的一百年是great abundance and prosperity，两者刚好形成鲜明的对比。因此，选项D正确。其他选项中的介词都不与contrast搭配。
46.【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为38.6%
【考核知识点】副词词义辨析
【解析】[A]broadly广泛地，广大地
[B]thoroughly彻底地(常用于具体方面的彻底性)
[C]generally通常，普遍地
[D]completely完全地(=wholly,强调广义上的全面性，比thoroughly用得普遍)。
从结构上来说，所填选项用来修饰形容词agricultural。
broadly一般不用来修饰形容词。如：broadly speaking...广义地说;generally一般不用来修饰形容词。如：The plan has been generally accepted.这项计划广泛地被人们接受。thoroughly, completely强调范围的广泛性。两者从语意上来说，都可以。但是，上文提到，工业革命发生在1750～1850年间，1750年以前，英国还没有工业革命的迹象。也就是说，工业革命前的英国还是一个纯粹的农业国。而在1750年后，工业革命渗透进英国社会的方方面面，因此，只有D是正确答案。
47.【答案及考生答对率】 A，答对率为86.6%
【考核知识点】 连接词辨析
【解析】[A]however然而(表转折关系) [B]meanwhile同时(表时间关系)
[C]therefore因此，所以(表因果关系) [D]moreover而且(表示递进关系)
从上下文来看，该句中的this view指的是上段历史学家们的观点，即大多数历史学家对工业革命仍然持批判态度。第二段第一句指出this view被普遍认为是错误的，接着介绍了一种完全相反的观点。因此,这里显然是一种句意的转折关系。答案只能选A。
48.【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为71.5%
【考核知识点】 介词搭配
【解析】[A]at [B]in [C]about [D]for
specialist和expert一般与in搭配，有时也与on搭配，表示“某方面的专家”。如：a specialist in linguistics语言学专家。类似的用法还有specialize in,意为“擅长于、专攻”。如：He specializes in maths.他专攻数学。
49.【答案及考生答对率】 C，答对率为37.5%
【考核知识点】 动词词义辨析
【解析】[A]manifested明白显示，清楚表示(正式用语)=show clearly, show plainly。[例] He doesn’t manifest much interest in his studies.他对学习没有表现出多大的兴趣。
[B]approved同意，认可，批准，赞同
[C]shown证明，说明，提出(事实等)。[例] She showed(a) considerable interest in archaeology.她对考古学表现出极大的兴趣。
[D]speculated思索，推测speculate是一个不及物动词，一般与on搭配。如：I've been speculating on my future.我一直在思索我的未来。文章后面提到两个方面的内容：一是1650年到1750年确实存在过显著的贫困，二是工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。have shown two things意为“已经说明了两件事”，因此答案只能是C。
50.【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为39.6%
【考核知识点】动词词义辨析
【解析】[A]noted注意到，记录下
[B]impressed给人留下印象
[C]labeled贴标签，视为，看作，被称为。[搭配] be labeled as。[例] The phrase is labeled as slang in the dictionary.这一短语在词典里被列为俚语。
[D]marked有……特征。[搭配]be marked by特征是……。[例]Byron’s writings are marked by passionate fire.拜伦作品的特点是充满火热的激情。/What are the qualities that mark a great leader?伟大领袖的特质是什么?
该句中所要填入的选项是动词的被动语态。句中动作行为的发出者(逻辑主语)是great poverty,其逻辑上的宾语是the period。impressed如：I am deeply impressed by his words.我被他的话深深地打动了。这两个词都不能与主语(great poverty)搭配。labeled意为“贴标签于、把……称为”，常与as搭配，构成短语be labeled as,意为“被视为……、被称作……”。如：The bottle is labeled as poison.瓶上标明有毒。be marked by意为“具有……的特征”。因此，只有D符合题意。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Passage 1
文章大意
这是一篇批评盲目建造水坝的文章，文中作者以一种讽刺的口吻阐述了建设巨型水利大坝所引发的社会问题,分析了人类热衷于此的自然和社会原因,并于全文最后进行了总结，指出人们在建设大坝时，要做非常理智的计算和准备，要以一种科学的态度，而不能热衷于以迷信的、主观的态度去做出决定。全文采用了总——分——总的结构，解读时要注意把握全篇。
全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现
重大科技创造几乎很少有像巨型水坝(giant dam)那样激发(capture)人的想象力。可能正是由于人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布，才使得让水听从人的调遣这种理想如此令人痴迷。(51)但是，令人着迷(be fascinated)有时也使人盲目。一些巨型水坝工程是弊大于利的。
从建水坝得到的教训是：大的并不总是完美的。建一座巨大的、有效力的水坝已经成为各个国家和人民努力争取出风头(assert)的成就标志(symbol of achievement)，但这对他们并没有多大益处。埃及人在阿拉伯世界的领导地位因阿斯旺大水坝而得以巩固(cement)。土耳其力图跻身第一世界的计划中就包括建设巨大的阿塔克水坝。
但是巨型水坝往往不像设计的(intended)那样发挥功效。例如，阿斯旺水坝阻止住了尼罗河的洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水留下的肥沃淤泥(fertile silt)——所有这一切换回了一个有弊病的巨大水库(reservoir)：如今水库里满是淤泥，几乎发不了电。
(53)然而，控制洪水的神话仍在延续。本周，在文明的欧洲中心地区，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人因为在多瑙河上建一座水坝而差一点儿动武。建这个巨大的综合性建筑可能会遇到所有大型水坝所常见的问题。但是，斯洛伐克正努力争取从捷克独立出去，它现在需要建一座水坝来证明自己的实力。
与此同时，在印度，世界银行已经给那个更离谱的(wrong-headed)纳玛达水坝发放了贷款。(52)尽管世界银行的顾问认为那个水坝会给平民百姓带来苦难，并且会破坏那里的环境，但是世界银行还是发放了贷款。这样做是在给那些有权势的人带来好处，但这些好处完全没有保障(far from guaranteed)。
合理、科学地研究大坝造成的影响，研究控制洪水的成本和效益，有助于人们解决这些矛盾。即使不建造巨型水坝(monster dams)，也有可能利用水力发电(hydroelectric power),也有可能治理洪水和灌溉田地。但是，当你面对神话时，你就很难做到既合理又科学。现在是整个世界从阿斯旺水坝中吸取教训的时候了。人类并不需要水坝来拯救自己。
分段导读
这是一篇议论文。阅读该文时，要充分利用其中的转折词把握文章的思路。
第一段，作者说，对大坝过于着迷是很盲目的,是全文的引子，引出全文的主题。
第二、三段中，作者指出了建造大坝的危害。
第四、五段中，作者指出，企图通过大坝控制洪水的神话仍在继续，但事实上，大坝带来的并不一定是利益。
最后一段呼吁人们吸取历史教训，不要盲目建坝。
答案详解
51.第一段第三句话暗示：
[A]如果人们无视现实，他们就会感到幸福 [B]盲人可能比看得见的人更幸福
[C]过于兴奋的人往往忽视至关重要的东西 [D]迷恋使人们丧失视力
【答案及考生答对率】 C，答对率为74.4%
【考核题型】 推论题
【解析】题干要求考生回答第一段第三句的隐含意义。该段前两句指出人们热衷建坝的事实以及热衷的自然原因;第四句却指出有些大坝弊大于利。由此可知：人们往往因为盲目乐观而失去理智，缺乏对关系重大事情的判断力。此外，C选项的推论结果与文中“to be fascinated is also, sometimes,to be blind”(令人着迷，有时也使人不理智)的意思相符，它是原句的释义和引申意思，也就是题目要求的正确答案。
注意：考生可以根据句子和段落前后的并列、转折等关系去答题。
52.在第五段，“the powerless”可能指的是 。
[A]缺电的地区 [B]没有发电站的水坝
[C]印度周边的贫穷国家 [D]纳玛达水坝地区的普通人民
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为28%
【考核题型】词义题
【解析】题干要求考生回答第五段的短语“the powerless”的意思。首先从语法角度看，the+a.做名词，指一类人。据此就可以排除干扰选项，直接得出D为正确答案。此外根据cause hardship for the powerless可知该类人承担的是hardship(苦难)，与最后一句The benefits are for the powerful对应。因此“the powerful”与“the powerless”应该分属于印度社会中的不同阶层：前者指有权有势的人，而后者指无权无势的人，即大坝地区的平民百姓。文中是说“阿斯旺水库里满是淤泥，几乎发不了电”，并没有说印度的纳玛达水坝发不了电，所以A项和B项之意都不对;C项“印度周边的贫穷国家”之意明显与文章的意思不符。
注意：定冠词the加上形容词或分词前多用于表示具有某种属性的人群：如“the rich”富人;“the poor”穷人;“the old”老人;“the experienced”有经验的人;“the lowly”卑贱者;“the deaf”聋人。
53. 有关大型水坝的神话是什么?
[A]大型水坝带来更多肥沃的泥土 [B]大型水坝帮助保卫国家
[C]大型水坝巩固了国际关系 [D]大型水坝完全控制了洪水
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为70.6%
【考核题型】事实细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答文中提到的关于大型水坝的神话是什么。文章第四段第一句话明确指出the myth of controlling the waters persists,因此可知该神话就是指D选项“大型水坝完全控制了洪水”。
A选项与第三段埃及的阿斯旺水坝使之失去沃土的内容相反。第二段和第四段提到建坝是为了证实自己的实力，但是并没有提到是为了保卫国家和加强国际关系，因此选项B和C也不对。
54.作者试图提醒的意思可以最恰当地解释为： 。
[A]“覆水难收” [B]“欲速则不达”
[C]“三思而后行” [D]“笑到最后者笑得最开心”
【答案及考生答对率】 C，答对率为71.5%
【考核题型】 主旨题
【解析】题干要求考生回答作者想通过本文说明什么道理。文章中作者的态度非常明确。前几段谈到建坝上存在盲目性;最后一段，作者指出应该对大坝的影响做出正确的、科学的评估，放弃大坝的神话，吸取阿斯旺水坝的教训，解决面临的实际困难。因而可以推论，作者是在呼吁切忌盲目行动。因此C项中说“三思而后行”，这与作者的意图相吻合。
选项A、B和D都不能正确反映作者观点。
文章难句精析
1.【文章难句】Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
【结构分析】该句以强调句it is...that...作为句子的主干，在关键词suffering之后是that引导的定语从句;idea后是of引导的分词短语。suffering使得idea怎么样了?so fascinating。在掌握了这个整体框架之后，这个句子就很清楚了。
at the mercy of意思是“听凭……摆布，完全受……支配”。比如：at the mercy of fate受命运的摆布/at the mercy of one’s emotions完全受自己感情的支配。bid(动词)意思是“祝愿;命令，要求，吩咐;投标，出价，报价;尝试”。如：bid for independence争取、试图(获得)独立/do our bidding“按照我们的指示做，按照我们的意愿办事”。
【参考译文】可能正是因为人类长期以来遭受旱涝灾害摆布的苦难，使得治理江河供我驱策这种理想如此动人心魄。
2.【文章难句】It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.
【结构分析】该句主语it代指that后的内容，谓语help后是一个从句，这个从句的主干是building a...dam has become a symbol of achievement;分词短语striving to assert themselves修饰nations and people.
【参考译文】建一座高大雄伟的水坝已经成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民出风头的成就标志，但这对他们并没有多大益处。
核心词汇或短语回顾
① bidding [ 'bidiŋ ] n.期望达到;寻求 ② cement [ si'ment ] v.胶合；巩固，加强 n. 水泥；胶泥，胶接剂 ③ hydroelectric [ 'haidrəi'lektrik ] adj.水电的；hydro-前缀，表“水”，“液体” ④ monster [ 'mɔnstə ] adj.庞大的，巨大的 ⑤ strive [ straiv ] v.(to)奋斗,努力 ⑥ at the mercy of 任凭……处置，听凭……摆布 |
Passage 2
文章大意
本文是一篇涉及到美国企业经营管理制度的议论文，文中作者围绕公司改革和经济增长展开了讨论,并以一种否定的态度贯穿全文。论述中，作者先用数据说明了“美国经济的形势没有商界人士认为的那样好”这一事实，接着分析了其原因:是企业的生产力革命没有促进生产力的发展。文章主要采用了数据、引文以及说理等多种论证方法。
全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现
人常说，不劳无获。但若是劳而无获会怎样呢?在美国，无论你在什么地方，你都会听到有关公司复苏(corporate revival)的故事。(55，57)更难以确定的是实业家自认为是他们在领导(presiding over)这场为提高生产效益而进行的革命是否真的名副其实。
官方的统计(official statistics)结果有点让人沮丧。这些统计表明，如果将制造业(manufacturing)和服务业(services)合为一体(lump)计算，那么，自1987年以来，生产率平均每年增长1.2%。这一比率比过去十年的平均增长指数要高一些。1991年以来，生产率每年大约增长2%，这一比率是1978年到1987年平均增长指数的两倍。问题是，近期的部分增长在某种程度上是由于商业周期(business cycle)运行所出现的常见反弹(rebound)引发的，因此，还不能以此作为确凿的证据来证实在这一潜在的趋势背后会出经济复苏的迹象。(55，56)正如财政部长(treasury secretary)罗勃特·鲁宾所说的那样，商业界的大量趣闻(anecdote)暗示生产率大幅度增长了，但这同官方的统计数字所显示的情况“不符(disjunction)”。
其中的有些原因很容易解释。企业重组的新方法——包括机构重组(reengineering)和缩减规模(downsize)的所有方法——只是促进经济综合生产率(overall productivity)增长的一个因素，这种经济综合生产率的发展还受许多其他因素的影响，比如对机械设备的联合投资、新技术的应用以及对教育和培训的投资等。(58)此外，公司进行的大多数改革是为了盈利，这种需求并不总是意味着提高生产率：转入(switching to)新市场或是提高产品的质量也能获得同样的效果。
另外两种解释更加纯理论了。(57)其中一种解释认为：近几年，企业的一些重组可能没有成效(ineptly)。第二种解释认为：即使重组卓有成效，也不如人们所想像的那样普及。
迅速发展的面包咖啡连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任首席执行官(chief executive)、哈佛大学学者莱纳德·施莱辛格说，大多数机构“重组”都不成熟。(57，58)他认为，在很多情况下，企业的效益(revenue)损失一直远超成本的降低。他的同事迈克·比尔认为，太多的企业用机械的方式重组机构，没有充分考虑长期效益就削减(chop out)了成本。BBDO的爱尔·罗森赛恩更直言不讳(blunter)。他对重组顾问的大部分工作不屑一顾，认为那只不过是垃圾——典型的“劳而无获”。
分段导读
这是一篇议论文。
第一段，作者指出论点，所谓的生产率革命是否真实还有待确认。
第二段指出，少量的增长也只是经济的周期回转而已。
第三至五段具体解释了企业重组没有促进生产力发展的原因。
答案详解
55.根据作者的观点，美国的经济状况 。
[A]不如看起来那么好 [B]正处于转折点
[C]比看起来的好得多 [D]即将全面恢复
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为81.8%
【考核题型】文章主旨题
【解析】题干要求考生回答文中提到的美国经济形势的现状。第一段道出全文的主旨：很难确定商界自认为正在进行的生产力革命究竟是否名副其实。这句话表明作者对美国经济状况的质疑。接下来的几个段落驳斥了这场所谓的生产力革命的真实性。第二段指出，官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观。经济增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，文章最后指出：企业的一些重组没有达到预期目的。由此可知：美国目前的经济形势不如表现的那样好。因而A选项是对美国经济形势最好的概括。
选项C刚好与事实相反。选项D只是作者质疑的观点。选项B文中未提及。
注意：此题是一种变形了的主旨题，全文谈的都是美国经济现状，只是没有用总结性的话进行描述。考生需要对作者态度和所给事实进行分析，然后才能够得出答案。
56.有关生产率增长的官方统计 。
[A]没有包括商业循环中通常出现的反弹 [B]没有达到商业人士的预期目的
[C]达到了商业人士的预期目标 [D]没有反映出经济的真实状况
【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为13.2%
【考核题型】 事实细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答选项中关于生产力增长的政府统计数据的说法哪个正确。根据题干中的关键词定位到第二段。最后一句指出，在商界有关生产力增长的传闻和统计数字反映的情况之间存在“脱节”说明生产力并没有如商业人士所说的那样增长了。由此可知B选项是此句的正确改写。
选项C和D与文章相反。A选项与文章第二段将生产力增长的部分原因归结于经济发展周期的反弹的事实不符。
注意：选项A和选项C中都出现了大量与文中相同的、可能迷惑考生的单词。考生切勿断章取义，要从选项整体去考虑。
57.作者因为 而提出“劳动无获又会怎样?”这一问题。
[A]他怀疑“不劳无获”这一说法的真实性 [B]他认为生产力革命没有成效
[C]他怀疑官方的统计数字是在误导人们 [D]他有经济复苏的确凿证据
【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为50.5%
【考核题型】 文章主旨题
【解析】题干要求考生回答作者提出“但是如果有劳却无获又会怎样呢”这个问题的原因。本题看似细节题，实际上是在变相地考文章主旨。文章前两段提出“美国经济不如商家认为的那样乐观”，以后各段都在分析原因，认为是生产力革命未见成效。这里“pain”指的是企业改革，“no gain”指的是改革措施无效。因此B选项“他认为生产力革命并没有奏效”与文章的意思相符，是正确答案。
A选项“他对‘不劳则无获’的真实性提出质疑”单纯从字面的意思去推断，就是错误的。C选项“他认为官方的统计数字是在误导人们”与作者用官方数据去说明自己的观点的用意相悖。文中没有提到D选项“他有经济复苏的确凿证据”之意。
58.下面哪项说法本文没有提到?
[A]彻底的改革对生产率的增长十分重要。
[B]统筹安排工作场所的新方法可能有助于提高生产率。
[C]降低成本并不是获得长期效益的可靠办法。
[D]顾问是一群无用之辈。
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为49.6%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答下面哪个说法是文中未提到的。
A选项在本文中并没有提及，文中只提及为促进生产力发展而采取的一些措施，而且作者对它们持否定态度。
B选项在第三段第二句中提及，即企业的新组织方法是提高生产力的一种措施。C选项在第五段中提及，作者借用比尔的话去说明一些公司机械地应用改革措施。这些改革措施虽然减少了费用，但是没有考虑长期的利润。可见，虽然成本降低了，但是长期利润却没有得到保证。D选项在文章最后一句提及“调整经济的顾问们所做的工作，多数都是垃圾，根本于事无补”。
文章难句精析
1.【文章难句】There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
【结构分析】句子主干是There is a “disjunction” between the mass and the picture。谓语和表语间是人名及其职位做插入语。mass后带有一个that引导的定语从句修饰的是business anecdote, that在这个从句中充当的是主语，名词picture后是过去分词reflected做定语表示的是一种被动关系。
【参考译文】正如财政部长罗伯特·鲁宾说的，商业界的大量趣闻暗示生产率大幅度提高了，但这同官方的统计数字所显示的情况不符。
2.【文章难句】New ways of organizing the workplace—all that reengineering and downsize-ng —are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
【结构分析】该句的核心是New ways are one contribution;破折号之间的内容是对主语的解释。在economy之后接了一个which引导的定语从句,修饰的是前面的名词an economy,在这个定语从句中by后面的宾语是factors,后面的such us跟随的三个名词短语就是列举的内容。
【参考译文】企业重组的新方法——包括重新设计和缩小规模的所有办法——只是对促进经济综合生产率方面做出了贡献，这种经济综合生产率的发展还受到许多其他因素的影响，比如对机械设备的联合投资、新技术的应用以及在教育和培训上的投资等。
3.【文章难句】Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.
【结构分析】该句冒号前后是两件相关的事情。前面连词“Moreover”表示的是递进关系。“and”后的指示代词“this”指前面句子所有的内容。冒号后的内容起解释的作用。
【参考译文】此外，公司改革的目的大部分是为了盈利，这种需求并不一定总是能够提高生产率：转入新的市场或改善产品质量也能获得同样的效果。
4.【文章难句】His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.
【结构分析】句子主干是His colleague...says that...。句子的主要部分在于谓语says后面的that引导的宾语从句，该从句的重要成分是在状语部分，即in a mechanistic fashion，后接了一个现在分词短语进一步解释fashion的内容。without后的动名词短语是补充成分，表示伴随状态。
【参考译文】他的同事迈克·比尔说，太多的企业用机械的方式重组机构，没有充分考虑长期效益就削减了成本。
核心词汇或短语回顾
① disjunction [ dis'dʒʌŋkʃən ] n.分离，分裂 ② ineptly [i'neptli] adv.不合适地，不恰当地，笨拙地 ③ lump [ lʌmp ] v. sb./sth. together将人或物合并考虑 ④ rebound [ ri'baund ] v.跳回；回生 n.跳回，弹回；回复 ⑤ revenue [ 'revinju: ] n.财政收入，税收 ⑥ speculative [ 'spekjulətiv ] adj.思索的，不确定的，冒险的 |
Passage 3
文章大意
这是一篇批评滥贴“反科学”标签的议论文。文章中，作者由自然科学和人文科学的分歧入手，指出了“反科学”这一现象的存在，并提到了科学界把很多学科归为“反科学”的做法，文章主要使用了例证、引证、说理等论证手法，属“总——分——总”结构。
全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现
(59)长期以来，自然科学与文化其他方面的关系一直不稳定(uneasy)。想一想17世纪的伽利略因其反叛的信仰而遭到天主教会的审判，或是想一想诗人威廉·布雷克对艾赛克·牛顿的机械世界观提出的尖锐批评(harsh remark)。如果说有裂痕(schism)的话，(60)本世纪，自然科学与人文科学(humanity)之间的裂痕甚至更深了。
以前，科学界势力如此之强大，对批评者可以置之不理，但现在不同了。由于科研基金的减少，科学家已在好几本书中抨击了“反科学(antiscience)”的倾向。比较著名的有弗吉尼亚大学的生物学家(biologist)保罗·R·格罗斯与鲁特格斯大学的数学家(mathematician)诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信(superstition)》以及康纳尔大学的卡尔·塞根写的《闹鬼(demon)的世界》。
科学的捍卫者还在集会上公开表达了他们的忧虑，比如1995年在纽约召开的“远离科学与理性”大会以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开(assembled)的“(伪)信息时代的科学”大会。
很显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义，格罗斯和莱维特主要针对那些质疑科学的客观性(objectivity)的社会学家、哲学家及其他学者吹毛求疵(find fault)。塞根更关注的是那些相信鬼魂(ghost)、神造论(creationism)以及其他违背科学世界观的人。
1996年，对新闻报道的一次调查表明：许多其他群体成员也被贴上了反科学的标记，这些人包括倡导消灭所有现存的天花病毒(smallpox virus)的专家以及倡导减少基础研究基金的共和党人士。
几乎不会有人反对把反科学一词用于反原子弹组织身上，该组织于1995年发表的声明(manifesto)公开藐视科学，渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会(utopia)。(61)但是，这并不意味着那些关注工业无节制增长的环保人士(environmentalist)是反科学的，去年五月《美国新闻和世界报道》上刊载的一篇文章却有此暗示。
环保人士必定会对这样的批评作出回应。环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗·埃理奇反驳说，科学的真正敌人是那些对工业发展使全球变暖、臭氧层(ozone layer)逐渐损耗(depletion)以及对其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。
一些观察人士的确担心“反科学”这一词会变得毫无意义。哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在他1993年的著作《科学与反科学》-书中写道，“‘反科学’一词可以包含(lump)太多东西，这些东西截然不同，它们唯一共同之处就是——它们往往招惹(annoy)或威胁那些自认为更开明(enlightened)的人。”
分段导读
这是一篇议论文。
文章第一段指出科学与其他学科之间隔阂很大。
第二、三段通过例证法说明自然科学和人文科学之间的分歧。
第四至八段叙述了反科学对不同的人的不同的意义。
答案详解
59.单词“schism”(第一段)在上下文中的意思大概是 。
[A]对峙 [B]不满 [C]分离 [D]轻视
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为51.3%
【考核题型】词义题
【解析】题干要求考生根据上下文推测第一段出现的“schism”的含义。该段第一句指出，自然科学和人文科学的其他方面之间长期以来关系比较紧张，也就是有对抗、有分歧。而第三句The schism...has...deepened in this century中的“deepen”表明“schism”与“uneasy relationship”具有同义关系，意思应该是“分裂”，因此C选项说“分离”与文章意思相符。注意：schism词义为：分裂、不和，主要指宗教团体和社会团体发生的分裂。
A选项意指国家间的对抗，而原句的主语是schism，谓语是deepen，只有裂痕才能“加深”，而对抗只能“加强”。选项B和D明显不符文意。
60.第二段和第三段是用来 。
[A]讨论科学的影响力下降的原因 [B]表明作者同情科学家
[C]解释科学发展的方式 [D]例证科学和人文科学的分裂
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为62.2%
【考核题型】作者意图题
【解析】题干要求考生回答作者写第二段和第三段的目的。文章第一段提出了全文的主旨，即自然科学和人文学科之间的分歧在加深。第二、三段对此作了具体说明，第二段指出科学家开始通过著书去攻击“反科学”，第三段谈到科学的捍卫者为了捍卫科学也在集会上公开表达了他们的忧虑。由此可知，第二段和第三段是用来具体说明“自然科学与人文科学之间的裂痕加深了”这一主题,是第一段所提观点的顺接和延伸。因此,D选项是这两段的写作目的,与文章相符。
至于A、B和C三选项文中均未涉及。
注意：某段出现一个观点之后，其他各段均无新观点的出现，则其他各段是该观点的顺接和延伸。
61. 根据本文，下面哪项说法正确?
[A]环保人士被一篇文章斥责为反科学。
[B]政客们不容易被贴上反科学的标签。
[C]那些“更开明的人”往往把别人称为反科学。
[D]把环保人士当作“反科学”是有理由的。
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为30.9%
【考核题型】事实细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答根据文章下面哪个说法是正确的。A选项“环保人士在一篇文章里被斥责为反科学者”与第六段“《美国新闻与世界报道》去年五月的一篇文章似乎暗示想把环境保护者归为反科学者”的内容相符。因此A选项正确。
B选项“政客不容易被贴上反科学的标签”与文中第五段提到的“官方人士”和“共和党人”都被贴上反科学标签的内容相反。C选项“更有见识的人倾向于给别人贴上反科学的标签”中“有见识的人”在文章结尾出现，但是未提是否给别人贴反科学的标签。D选项“给环境保护者贴上‘反科学’的标签是有道理的”与第七段“这并不意味着，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环境主义者也是反科学的”意思相反。
注意：出现选择哪种说法正确或错误的题，最好用排除法解题。
62. 作者对“科学与反科学”这场争端的态度 。
[A]公平的 [B]主观的 [C]有偏见的 [D]令人困惑的
【答案及考生答对率】 A，答对率为36.9%
【考核题型】 态度题
【解析】题干要求考生回答作者对科学和反科学的争论持何种态度。看看文章结构。文章首先提出自然科学和人文学科之间长期以来存在的分歧，接着举例说明自然科学与人文科学之间的裂痕甚至加深了。随后作者又谈反科学这一词语适用的对象。由此可知：作者只是客观地叙述自然科学和人文科学之间的争论，而并没有发表自己的观点，说明他是公正的。因而A选项表述了作者的态度与文章相符。B、C、D三选项之意都与文章的意思不符。
文章难句精析
1.【文章难句】Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason”, held in New York City in 1995,and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.
【结构分析】句子主干是Defenders...have also voiced their concerns at meetings...。后面的such as所跟的成分主要是举例说明meetings;引号里是两个会议的名称，其中在第一个引号后用逗号隔开的过去分词短语是修饰前面引号里的内容并指出这个会议召开的地点和时间;第二个引号后用which引导的非限定性定语从句去补充说明第二个会议召开的时间和地点。
【参考译文】科学的卫士们在集会上表达了他们的忧虑。比如，1995年在纽约举行的“逃离科学和理性”会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“(伪)信息时代的科学”大会。
2.【文章难句】A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
【结构分析】句子主干是A survey...reveals that...。理解这个句子的关键在于对谓语后that引导的宾语从句的剖析，这个从句的主干是the...tag has been attached to many other groups...;句中用了from...to...的结构去连接两个并列名词authorities和Republicans，在这两个名词后又分别使用了who引导的定语从句进行修饰。
【参考译文】一项关于1996年对新闻报道的一次调查显示，许多其他团体成员也被贴上了反科学的标记，这些人包括倡导消灭所有现存的天花病毒的专家以及倡导减少基础研究基金的共和党人士。
3.【文章难句】Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifest- to, published in 1995,scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.
【结构分析】该句主干是Few would dispute that...，宾语是that引导的较长的宾语从句，中间还嵌有一个whose引导的定语从句修饰Unabomber(指近些年来美国一系列针对工商业的科学和研究从业人员的邮件炸弹事件的制造者);在这个定语从句的主、谓之间又有一个过去分词的插入成分published in 1995。return这个名词后面跟的是一个介词to引导的地点(生存状态)——a pretechnological utopia，utopia音译为“乌托邦”，指想象中的一种完美的地方或状态。
【参考译文】几乎没有人反对把反科学一词用于反原子弹组织身上，该组织于1995年发表的声明公开藐视科学，渴望回到前技术时代的乌托邦社会。
核心词汇或短语回顾
① depletion [ di'pli:ʃən ] n.耗尽，枯竭 ② epithet [ 'epiθet ] n.别称，绰号；浑名，带侮辱性的称谓 ③ manifesto [ .mæni'festəu ] n.宣言 ④ schism [ 'sizəm ] v.分裂，分歧，不和 ⑤ scorn [ skɔ:n ] (n./v.)轻蔑，蔑视 |
Passage 4
文章大意
这是一篇介绍美国人口变动的统计报告的说明文。作者在文中主要运用大量具体的数据信息介绍了美国人口数量的变化及其迁移规律，并对这一变化和迁移的原因进行了分析,暗示了美国人对家居条件的新追求。
全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现
1980年的人口普查表明，由于东北部和中西部地区的人口增长几乎停止，地区之间的竞争越来越激烈。
这一发展趋势及其对今后美国的政策和经济产生的重要影响使得南部地区首次成为美国人口普查史上人口最稠密的地区(densely populated region)。
20世纪70年代，美国总共增加了2320万人口——从数字上看，这是有历史记载以来十年期间内人口增长的第三高峰。即便这样，人口的总增长(gain)也只有11.4%，这是除大萧条时期外美国年度增长记录中最低的增长率。
(63)自二战以来，美国人口一直大量移居(migrate)南部和西部地区，而且这种趋势仍在延续。
1980年，号称阳光地带(sun-belt)的佛罗里达、得克萨斯和加利福尼亚三个州的人口总数比十年前增加了大约1000万。在大城市中，圣地亚哥的人口排名从第十四位上升到第八位，圣安东尼奥从第十五位上升到第十位——而克利夫兰和华盛顿却被挤出了前十名。
人口普查官员(census official)说，并不是所有的迁移都是因为人们想搬出寒带(snow-belt)地区。绵延不断的移民潮(wave of immigrant)，还有往昔“生育高峰”时期出生的一代到了生育年龄，这些因素也起了作用。
(64)此外，人口统计学家(demographer)发现，向南部、西部地区的持续迁移伴随着一种与之相关但却更新的现象：很明显，越来越多的美国人不再只是寻找有更多工作机会的地区，他们也是在寻找人口较少的地区。请看下面这些例子：
从区域上来看，据报道，落基山脉附近各州成为人口增长最快的地方——1970年以来，居住在这片广袤(vast)地区的美国人仅为美国总人口的5%，但该地区的人口增长率却为37.1%。
(65)从各州的情况来看，内华达州和亚利桑那州的人口增长速度最快：分别为63.5%和53.1%。除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州以外，人口增长率排名前十位的均是西部诸州，这是一共增长了750万人口——大约每平方英里9个人。
逃离人口稠密地区的心理促使人们从寒带迁移到气候宜人(bearable)的地区。
没有哪次调查比1980年人口普查的数据更戏剧性地显示出美国人迁往最西部是为了寻找更宽敞的生活空间。因此，加利福尼亚州的人口在20世纪70年代增加了370万，比任何其他州都多。
不过，在20世纪70年代，也有大批人口从加利福尼亚迁出，大部分是迁往西部其他州。他们通常选择——现在依然这样选择——居住在那些气候较冷的地区，比如俄勒冈州、爱达荷州和阿拉斯加州，以逃避这个黄金州的烟雾、犯罪以及都市化(urbanization)带来的其他灾难(plague)。
结果，20世纪70年代，加利福尼亚州的人口增长率下降到18.5%——这个数字比20世纪60年代增长率的2/3略高一点，大大低于西部其他州。
分段导读
这是一篇说明文。
第一至第四段，通过人口普查的结果，作者指出了美国人口迁移的一个新现象:去西南部。
第五段至第八段分析了造成这一现象的原因，其中第七段特别指出了一个新原因：摆脱拥挤的居住环境。
最后两段转而指出，由于加州犯罪及污染严重等原因，不少人又开始离开加州。
答案详解
63.根据1980年人口统计提供的人口增长的复杂图表可以看出，20世纪70年代，美国 。
[A]享有历史上最低的人口净增长 [B]经历了人口向西南地区的迁移
[C]经历了一段空前的人口增长期 [D]终止了自二战以来的迁移模式
【答案】B,答对率为25.3%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答根据1980年美国人口普查提供的人口增长情况去看20世纪70年代的美国是什么样的情况。文章第五段谈到人口普查显示出“第二次世界大战以来，美国人不断移居西部和南部，现在这种趋势依然存在”。B选项与文中“Americans have been migrating south and in larger number”的意思相符。而D选项明显与文章第四段的意思不符。
文章第三段指出“20世纪70年代美国人口从增长数量上来说很大，但是这次增长形成的增长率却很低”，因此A选项“是历史上人口净增长最低的10年”和C选项“经历了空前的人口增长期”与文意不符。
注意：考生阅读选项时应该全盘考虑，切勿因一字雷同而随便选择答案。如本题D选项出现与文章相同的“standstill”容易迷惑考生。
64.这次人口普查与以前的人口流动研究有所不同，因为 。
[A]它强调了气候对人口分布的影响
[B]它强调了无休止的移民潮造成的影响
[C]它揭示了美国人对宽敞的生活空间的新追求
[D]它详细阐述了昔日“生育高峰”的滞后影响
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为45.8%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答这次人口普查与以前的人口流动研究的不同之处。与以前不同之处，肯定是新特点。第七段指出“伴着这种迁移趋向，人口学家还发现了一个相关的新现象，即美国人的迁移不仅是为了寻找工作，而是寻找人口稀少的地区居住”。由此可知：如今的美国人注重的是宽敞的生活空间。C项中说“它揭示了美国人对宽敞的生活空间的新追求”。这与文中“Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too.的意思相符。所以C选项正是这次人口普查显示出来的新特点。
选项A是过去反映出来的情况。选项B和D虽然在第六段都有述及，但是作者并未强调它们是新特点。
65. 从得到的统计资料，我们可以看出 。
[A]加利福尼亚曾经是全美国人口最稀少的地区
[B]人口增长率排名前十位的州都位于西部地区
[C]气候条件更好的城市无一例外地从移民中获得效益
[D]亚利桑那州的人口增长率在所有州中排名第二
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为49.3%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答下面哪项与普查数据反映的情况符合。第七段指出，在所有州中，内华达州和亚利桑那州人口增长最多，分别为63.5%和53.1%，由此可知：内华达州的人口增长速度最快，亚利桑那州人口增长排在第二位。D选项为正确答案。
文章分别在第九段、第十段和最后一段提到加州，但是都没有涉及人口是否稀少的问题。所以A选项之意不对，B选项与第九段“除了佛罗里达州，(位于东部和南部)和得克萨斯州(位于中部)以外，人口增长率最高的十个州都在美国西部”不符。C选项文中未提及。
注意：细节题中，定位非常重要。考生应该学会通过大写字母、时间、人名、地名等迅速定位。如本题四个选项都谈到了州或城市，而文中是从第七段开始介绍各州和城市的。因而我们应该从第七段开始定位。
66. 单词“demographers”(第七段)最可能的意思是 。
[A]赞成民主倾向的人 [B] 提倡州与州之间迁移的人
[C]从事人口研究的科学家 [D] 坚持旧生活模式的保守主义者
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为71.1%
【考核题型】 词义题
【解析】题干要求考生根据上下文推测第七段第一行的“demographers”的含义。通过第七段看出“demographers”提到的两个例证都与人口有关，因此,他们应该是“人口统计研究方面的人”。C选项与文章意思相符。同时，也可以运用构词法的知识，“demo”=“people”, “graph”=“write”, er 指人，因而猜出它指“记录人口方面数据的人”。
选项A、B、D都与文章的意思不符。
文章难句精析
1. 【文章难句】Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too-and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.
【结构分析】这是由两个分句组成的并列句。第一个分句很简单，主干是immigrants played a role，主语immigrants前面是其修饰成分。第二个分句是个主从复合句，主句是倒装形式，so在该句中表示重复前面分句的谓语play a role，意为“也如此”。as引导了一个原因状语从句。指出这种情况发生的社会原因。baby boom指美国二战结束后的“生育高峰”期。
【参考译文】绵延不断的移民潮，还有当年“生育高峰”时期出生的孩子已经到了生育年龄，这些因素也起了作用。
2. 【文章难句】Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
【结构分析】该句中含有“Nowhere...more...than”的结构，否定副词前置，部分倒装;“dramatize”意为：使……戏剧化，夸张。
【参考译文】没有哪次调查比1980年美国人口普查更戏剧性地显示出美国人迁往最西部是为了找到更广阔的生存空间。
3.【文章难句】Often they chose-and still are choosing-somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
【结构分析】句子主干是they chose—and still are choosing—colder climates in order to escape...。注意破折号之间是谓语动词的补充。表示另一种时间状态，注意同一谓语动词choose的两种不同时态，表示的是两种不同的时间概念后面有一个由in order to引导的表示目的的短语。句末的of短语修饰plagues,说明plagues发生的原因。
【参考译文】他们常常选择——现在依然这样选择——居住在那些气候较冷的地区，如俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加，为的是逃避这个“黄金州”(加利福尼亚)的烟雾、犯罪以及都市化带来的其他问题。
核心词汇或短语回顾
① census [ 'sensəs ] v.人口普查 ② demographer [ di:'mɔgrəfə(r) ] n.人口学家 ③ enthrone [ in'θrəun ] v.使(国王，主教等)登位 ④ plague [ pleig ] n.灾祸，灾难 ⑤ prevail [ pri'veil ] v.(over,against)取胜，占优势，流行 |
Passage 5
文章大意
这是一篇有关地球物理学方面的文章，文章主要介绍了地质活动上一种叫做“热点”的现象，介绍了其分布状况及其在地球构造及大陆演变中的作用,尤其强调了“热点”理论对于地质板块学研究的重要性。
全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现
地球上散布(scattered)着一百多处火山活动(volcanic activity)小区域，地质学家(geologist)称之为热点。与地球上的大多数火山不同，这些热点并不总是在形成地表的巨大漂移板块边缘(boundary)地带发现的;相反，许多热点深藏于板块内部。大多数的热点只做缓慢运动，某些情况下，板块运动经过这些热点时，便留下死火山的踪迹(trail)。热点及其火山踪迹是板块经过的标志(milestone)。
(67)如今，有关板块的运动的理论已无需质疑。比如，由于新物质被注入到非洲大陆与南美洲大陆之间的海底，这两个大陆正在逐渐分离。虽然,远隔大洋但相互吻合的(complementary)海岸线以及似乎横跨(span)海洋的某些地质特征(geological feature)提示人们：这两个大陆曾经一度是相连的。人们已经详细解释了带着这两个大陆板块所作的相对运动，但是不能把一个板块相对于另一个板块的运动轻易地解释为相对于地球内部的运动。人们既不能确定这两个大陆是否在同时向反方向移动，也不能确定其中的一个大陆静止不动，而另一个大陆正漂离它。位于地球更深层(layer)的热点为解答这个问题提供了依据。根据热点密度(density)的分析可以看出：非洲板块是静止的，在过去的三千万年里，它一直没有移动过。
热点的重要性并不仅限于作为参照体系(frame of reference)这一作用上。现在看来，它们对推动地球上板块移动的地质过程也产生了重大影响。当大陆板块漂移至某一热点上时，从地球深层涌出来的物质会形成一个巨大的圆丘(dome)。(69)随着圆丘的不断增长，会出现深深的裂沟(fissure)(裂缝(crack));大陆会沿着一些这样的裂缝完全分裂，于是，由于热点的促使一个新海洋形成了。因此，正如早期的理论解释了大陆的移动(mobility)一样，热点理论或许可以解释大陆的可变性(mutability)(不稳定性(inconstancy))。
分段导读
这是一篇说明文，围绕话题hot spots展开，属于Topic Discussion语篇模式。
第一段描述中心概念——热点，即给出定义和解释。
第二段则说明了“热点”可作为判断哪个板块在移动的依据。
第三段指出“热点”理论对于地质板块学研究的重要性。
答案详解
67. 作者相信： 。
[A]板块的运动与地球内部的运动相似
[B]有关板块漂移的地质理论已经被证实是正确的
[C]热点和板块向相反的方向缓慢移动
[D]热点的运动证明各大洲正在逐渐分离
【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为41%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答作者相信的观点。文章第二段首句明确指出“板块漂移这一理论现在毋庸置疑”，接着作者又对此进行举例说明，因此可知：作者认为有关大陆移动的理论是正确的，故B选项与文章相符。
A选项与第二段第四句“但一个板块相对另一板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们与地球内部的运动相似”的内容不符。C选项与第二段第五句“人们不能确定两个大陆是在朝相反的方向运动，还是一个大陆停止不动而另一个从它身边漂移开去”不符。D选项提到了原文未有的对象“热点的运动”，况且，第一段中谈到，热点和板块经过时留下的火山痕迹证明板块是移动的，而不是热点的运动证明的。故D选项也不对。
68. 非洲和南美洲曾经连在一起，这种说法可以从 这一事实推论出来。
[A]这两个洲仍然在向相反的方向移动
[B]人们发现这两个洲具有相同的地质特征
[C]非洲板块已经稳定了三千万年
[D]地球各地散布着一百多个热点
【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为72%
【考核题型】推论题
【解析】题干要求考生回答上面哪个选项可以证明非洲和南美洲曾经彼此相连。由非洲和南美洲锁定到第二段。该段第三句指出“互相吻合的海岸线和共有的某些地质特征会使人想到这两个大陆曾经是连在一起的”，因而可知人们之所以认为非洲和南美洲曾经连在一起，是因为它们的某些地质特征相似。B选项说“人们发现这两个洲具有相同的地质特征”，这一推论结果与本文意思相符，故B选项证明了这两个洲曾经相连。
A选项与该段第五句谈到的人们无法断定的“两个大洲是向相反的方向移动，还是一个大洲没有运动而另一个大洲在漂离”的事实不符，选项C和D都是事实，但不是非洲和南美洲曾经相连的证据。
69. 在解释 时，热点理论可能被证实有用。
[A]非洲板块的结构 [B]死火山的复活
[C]大陆的漂移 [D]新海洋的形成
【答案及考生答对率】 D，答对率为42%
【考核题型】 细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答热点理论可以解释什么。文章第三段谈到，热点的重要性不仅仅限于它们作为参照体系的作用，还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。接着指出它导致大陆的断裂，从而形成新海洋。由此可知：热点理论可以用于解释大陆的不稳定性，即热点也可促使形成新海洋。所以D选项是热点理论能够证实的。
C选项在文章末句谈到，但它是早期理论解释的，热点理论解释的是板块的不稳定性。A选项和B选项文中未提及。
70. 本文主要关注的是。
[A]火山运动的特点 [B]有关板块漂移理论的重要性
[C]地质研究中热点的重要性 [D]火山形成的过程
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为82.5%
【考核题型】 主旨题
【解析】文章第一段对热点下定义，热点的特点及火山的痕迹是板块移动的标志。第三段主要讲热点在板块移动的研究中提供参照的作用。最后一段指出，热点对推动板块移动的地质物理学过程也提供了解释。由此可知:全文主要讲热点理论在地质板块学研究中的影响和作用。可见，C选项是主要内容。A选项和D选项文中未提及;B选项的侧重点不对。
文章难句精析
1.【文章难句】Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.
【结构分析】该句是由两个分句组成的并列句，中间用分号隔开。前一个分句的主干是...they are not found at the boundaries...，前面是形容词性的短语对这个句子的主语they进行修饰;在plates后是that引导的定语从句,that所替代的plates在这个从句里作主语。第二个分句用on the contrary表示与前面情况的不同，注意句中them指的是前文所说的hot spots.
【参考译文】跟世界上大多数火山不同，这些热点并不总是由构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块的边界出现;相反，它们中有许多热点深藏于板块内部。
2.【文章难句】The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.
【结构分析】该句主干是coastlines and features are reminders,其中主语被后面that引导的定语从句修饰，并在从句中也做主语;表语名词reminder指：提醒某人想起什么东西，提示;where引导的结构应该译为“……的地方”。where从句用的是过去时，表示的是过去存在的结合状态。
【参考译文】虽然远隔大洋，但相互吻合的海岸线以及似乎横跨海洋的某些地质特征在提示人们：这两个大陆曾经一度是相连的。
3.【文章难句】The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior.
【结构分析】该句是but连接的两个平行结构的分句，前一个分句的主干是motion has been constructed,主语的限定成分the places带了一个现在分词短语，起修饰作用;后一个分句的谓语be translated into译为“被解释为”，介词with respect to意为：相对于。
【参考译文】人们已经详细解释了带着这两个大陆板块所作的相对运动，但是一个板块相对另一个板块的运动还不能够轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。
核心词汇或短语回顾
① confine [ 'kɔnfain ] v.(to,within)限制，局限于 ② fissure [ 'fiʃə ] n.裂缝，裂隙 ③ milestone [ 'mailstəun ] n.里程碑 ④ mutability [ .mju:tə'biliti ] n.可变性，易变性，不定性 |
Part IV English-Chinese Translation
文章大意
本文的主题是关于宇宙形成的问题，科学家们探测到了迄今为止体积最大、距离最远的一片星云，这是关于宇宙形成的“大爆炸”理论成立的证据之一。文章指出，目前天体物理学家正致力于宇宙小热点的研究，这将进一步完善“大爆炸”理论，证实“宇宙膨胀”假说。
全文精译、题目出处及英汉对照
They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected; a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth.(71)But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite-Cobe-had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
(72)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait.(73)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and ballon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
(74)If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trllion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity.(75)Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系是科学家迄今所发现的最大、最遥远的物体。(71)但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员所发现的宇宙云系既令人惊讶，又是人们所期待的，因为,美国国家航空航天局的宇宙前景探索者Cobe号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据，证明宇宙的确起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人们一直所称的“大爆炸”(此理论认为宇宙起源于一大团能量)。
(72)巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以处于其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。根据这一理论，宇宙的形成是由一团亚微观的、极其稠密的纯能量团朝四面八方向外扩散，接着放出辐射线，浓缩成粒子，然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来，这种气体受引力的压缩形成了星系、恒星，甚至产生了人类。
Cobe卫星设计的目的就是观察这些最大的物体结构，但宇航员还是想看到更为微小的热区，即像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看来他们不必长期等待了，(73)天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，不久也许会报告他们的观测结果。
(74)假如那些小热点看上去同预测的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。膨胀说告诉我们，早在很久以前，宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内被一种反引力驱动而发生了无数倍的膨胀。(75)宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它还是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
翻译详解 (难度值0.49,满分15分;考生平均得分7.33分)
71. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
【考核知识点】数字的翻译和补词
【结构分析】这个句子的主干是it was the farthest that...,for...。
it was...that在此处并不是强调句型;it是代词，that引导定语从句修饰the farthest;the farthest指the farthest enormous cosmic clouds。同理，后文的the patterns and structures也是the patterns and structures of enormous cosmic clouds的省略。for引导原因状语从句，从句中的主语是what they were seeing,that引导的定语从句修饰从句的表语the patterns and the structures。这个定语从句很短，完全可以把它作为前置定语。
【翻译要点】准确分析语法结构，以达到正确理解句意;合理利用增字法，使译文行文流畅;试比较下面两种译文：“15 billion”应该译成“150亿”，而“15亿，150万”的译法屡见不鲜，可见，基本常识的训练仍然非常重要。
【词汇点滴】恰当选择词义，关键词“pattern”应该译成“形状，形态”，而不能译成“模式，方式，图案，组成，模型”。
【参考译文】但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
72. The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
【考核知识点】过去分词做定语
【结构分析】这是一个简单句。句子的主干结构是The existence...was required for...to maintain...。用的是被动语态。
for...to(do)...是不定式的复合结构，基本译法是“对于……做……(怎么样)”;to maintain...cosmos做目的状语;first put forward...是过去分词短语修饰the Big Bang，修饰语不长，翻译时可以做前置定语。理解句子的意思时可以先不管这部分修饰语，以求保持句意理解的完整。
【翻译要点】本句翻译难点在词汇上，“Big Bang”翻译需参考前文的解释(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy)，译成“大爆炸论”，而有些考生却生硬地译成“大磅，大帮”之类。
【词汇点滴】“was required for”应该译成“所必需的，所不可缺少的”;“virtually”译成“事实上，实际上，实质上”;“dominant”应该译成“占统治地位的，占主导地位的”，不要译成“绝对的，合理的”。
【参考译文】巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以处于其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
73. Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
【考核知识点】词义及活译
【结构分析】本句包含一个由and连接的并列句。两个主语相同的句子的主干是astrophysicists...are closing in on... and (they) may report their findings。
working with...and...instruments...是现在分词修饰主语astrophysicists，实际上是表示astrophysicists所用的研究工具，所以不一定要译成定语，可译成“用……”。
【翻译要点】本句翻译难点在词汇的正确理解和表达。“ground-based detectors”应该理解成“架设在地面上的探测仪”;“balloon-borne instruments”则意为“用气球运载的仪器”，“are closing in on”原意为“从四面八方包围上来，笼罩”，此处译成“正越来越近地，越来越接近”，不能译成“密切注意，密切关注”;尤其是“structures”不要翻译成“结构”而要结合上下文译成“云系，团状物质”。
【词汇点滴】astrophysicists的意思可以由astro (天体的，如astronaut宇航员)+physicists去推测它是指天体物理学家。有时候考研题里少数几个生僻的单词若根据构词法及上下文一般还是能猜出来的。
【参考译文】天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，不久也许会报告他们的观测结果。
74. If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
【考核知识点】习惯用语及同位语
【结构分析】这是一个简单复合句。本题主干是：If...,that will be a triumph...,a refinement...。as expected既可以说是as the small hot spots are expected的省略，也可说是一种习惯用法，意为“正如预料的那样”。其中的“that”指的是“if”引导的条件状语从句，从句中as引导的是个省略句。idea后的成分做它的同位语，同位语可以翻译成“即、也就是”，需要时可以把idea这样的词重复一遍。called...theory的语法作用是做the Big Bang的定语，既可以做前置定语，也可以独立成句。
【翻译要点】正确理解同位语短语对翻译好这句话至关重要，而且，由于同位语较长，翻译时可以当成一个简单句。本句的翻译也涉及词义的正确选择。refinement在此处应译成“提炼，改进，更完美”;the inflationary universe theory应该译成“宇宙膨胀理论”。
【词汇点滴】a triumph for sth.的意思是“……的胜利”;refinement的意思有“提炼，改良”等意思，在这里是说一种理论，因此，应该灵活译成“(大爆炸论)的更完美的形式”或“更完美的(大爆炸论)”。
【参考译文】假如那些小热点看上去同预测的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
75. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
【考核知识点】复合句的译法
【结构分析】“Odd though it sounds”是倒装句，其正常语序应为“Though it sounds odd”;后面是由“and”连接的两个并列句，前面句子中的“in elementaryparticle physics”修饰“ideas”;后面句子用的是被动语态，其中的“that”引导的是宾语从句，作“convinced”的宾语，从句中的“it”指的是“cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementaryparticle physics”这句话;“for the better part of a decade”是时间状语;“elementaryparticle physics”应该为“基本粒子物理学”;“the better part of a decade”应译为“近十年”。
【翻译要点】从句中的it代的是主句的主语cosmic inflation，一般说来，翻译时要将它所替代的实际内容翻译出来为好，本句中的两个it均指宇宙膨胀理论;scientifically plausible consequence应该译成“在科学上令人信服的推论”;for the better part of a decade=for more than half of a decade(十年中的一大半)，故翻译成“七八年”。
【词汇点滴】sound意为“听起来”;odd意为“奇怪，奇特”;elementaryparticle physics意为“基本粒子物理学”;respected ideas需要引申词义使之符合汉语的习惯，本意是“受人尊敬的想法或思想”，引申为“公认的理论”;for the better part of a decade意为“近十年来”。
【参考译文】宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它还是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
Part Ⅴ Writing
作文类型
漫画加提纲式作文
写作思路
不难看出，无论是漫画还是打油诗，核心词都放在“承诺”上。到底是什么样的承诺?仔细分析这幅漫画就会发现这些承诺本来就是其分内的职责;再联想到右侧的打油诗，我们更加明确了此漫画的主题，目的就是针砭当今社会兴起的所谓“承诺”风。
虚假承诺归根到底是诚信问题，一个商家失去了诚信，不仅会损害消费者的利益，到头来还会损害自身的利益;如果各行各业都失去了诚信，这将严重影响我们国家的经济发展，关系着我们整个民族的命运。因此，我们要唤醒公众认识虚假承诺的危害，采取必要措施坚决抵制这种承诺，并促进这种社会风气的改变。
布局与谋篇
漫画题材的写作，应着重抓住漫画本身所传达的信息，即漫画的寓意，而对漫画本身不必花太多笔墨。在坚守三段论基础上采用叙议结合的方法：第一段需围绕图画展开，将图画中所有信息描述清楚，点出“虚假承诺”;第二段要针对主题说明自己的观点，并进一步讨论其社会意义;第三段应重申自己对虚假承诺的立场、态度、发表评论。在语言上，漫画式命题强调语言句式的灵活性。针对总结、描写、议论和对照等行文要求，应运用多种句式。
写作误区
1. 跑题
有些考生只注意到广告失实，而没有仔细区分“虚假”的原因是什么，并且未抓住标题“承诺”二字，理解偏差。于是将主旨说成伪劣产品或虚假广告，因此跑题。
2.结构混乱
一些考生忽略全文的筹划，没有按照先描述漫画，再展开议论的总体步骤，而是想到什么就写什么。因此,易在未描述漫画的前提上突然给出关于承诺的话，而后提出漫画，造成文章分析不清，结构混乱。
参考范文
My View On So-Called Promises
As can be seen from the cartoon, nowadays many people follow the hen and swarm into the tide of promise making. But we may observe that some of the promises are nothing but duties these people should fulfill, just like the most common eggs laid by the hen.
However, the reasons for this phenomenon are complicated and such false promises are very harmful not only to the giver but to our society. For example, some people want to make profits from their false promises such as those offered to customers by enterprise. Promises offered to customers by enterprises are based on the trust between them and the trust is the driving force that makes the economy develop. With the trust, customers expect to buy a certain product with a sense of safety, while the enterprises look forward to promoting sales based mainly on the side of the customers. Nevertheless, the widespread false promises undermine the trust, which will, in the long run, undermine the rapid economic development of our country, too.
So, it’s high time that we took measures to put an end to any kind of false promises. We may forbid people to make false ads, forfeit them severely, or fortify special law into effect, And what’s more, why can’t these people be strict with themselves and draw a lesson from the hen in the cartoon?
范文译文
所谓承诺之我见
从漫画中可以看出，现在很多人都如同画中的母鸡一样涌进了虚假承诺的潮流中。但我们应该觉察到承诺是人们应该履行的职责，正如母鸡所下的最为普通的鸡蛋。
但是，这种现象的产生有其复杂的原因，而且虚假承诺不仅对承诺者本身有害，对整个社会也有害。例如，有些人想从诸如企业对顾客做出的虚假承诺中获取利益，而企业对顾客做出的承诺是建立在彼此信任的基础上的，信任是促进经济发展的推动力。通过信任，顾客期望买到有安全感的某种产品，而企业主要依靠顾客来推进销售量。然而，普遍存在的虚假承诺破坏了这种信任，长此以往，也会影响到我们国家经济的迅速发展。
因此，我们现在必须采取措施来坚决抵制任何形式的虚假承诺。我们可以禁止人们做虚假广告，对做虚假广告者加强执法力度。更重要的是，为什么那些人不能严以律己，从漫画中的母鸡中吸取教训?
1998年考研英语真题专家点评
1998年试卷的各部分难易比例适当，利于拉开考生的分数档次。抽样统计结果，全国考生平均分为48.10。
1. 语法和词汇部分仍然建议考生平时多做，练练基本功。
2. 完型填空难度适中，其中第43，44题难度最大，主要是由于考生词汇知识把握不够，如44题选项中只有bulk才能与空格前后的the,of搭配，多数考生不了解这一点，所以误选。46，49，50三题也较难，考生需注意研读解析。
3. 阅读理解文章不算太难，出现了两篇说明文。有几道题不太好做：如52题是一道词义题，正确率较低，可见考生利用上下文判断词义的能力还有待提高;56题的正确率也很低，不少考生误选了D项，可能是由于没有综合理解文章头两段;61题不少考生错选了C项，是由于没有发现选项与文章内容并不相符，可见细心很重要;63题的正确率也低，说明考生综合推敲能力还不够。总之，从整体上把握文章，利用上下文的综合理解解题非常重要。
4. 翻译题文章为科普内容，专业词汇不好理解和表达，如陆基探测器，宇宙膨胀说等。但句法分析和理解仍是一大问题。如71题中的It was...that...，被误认为是强调句型;72题中带逻辑主语的不定式结构，考生识别不出;74题中的called引导的后置定语，考生不能发现，考生应多花时间练习。
5. 作文与1997年又略有不同，是漫画作文，部分考生不太适应，表现为不会利用漫画的旁注(打油诗)挖掘漫画的寓意，或者不会按提纲的要求进行评论。其实，寓意在图旁已暗示;所谓评论也就是列举几个方面的观点来表明个人看法，或者分析该现象形成的原因再提提建议怎样解决即可。考生多练习几次便会掌握规律，展开评论。
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在我快被考研数学虐哭时，是京师考研的老师们耐心的解答，一边边讲解知识点的帮助，让我渐渐增加了考研信心。衷心感谢网校老师！
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这平台太给力了！不但能电脑听课，还可以用手机听课，用pad听课。解答问题也非常快速，最最重要的是非常非常负责任！顶起！
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课程讲解很详细，讲义也非常详细。听完课程，做做练习册，很容易就掌握了知识。京师考研的老师们辛苦啦！
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老师讲课很好，重点分明，层次很清楚，跟着老师学了一段时间，感觉自己复习起来思路也清晰了很多，很见功力，不愧是考研辅导界实力派老师！
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